68 E. H. Walsh —Tibetan Language , 8f Recent Dictionaries. [No. 2, 
de Koros classifies each as beginning with £]• b, but the Tibetans, re¬ 
garding the prefixes and the superscribed letters as merely adjuncts, 
treat these words as beginning with (cj* zh and ch respectively, 
which is the arrangement now universally followed. 
Although Csoma de Koros had lived for years as a monk in a Tibetan 
Monastery in order to fit himself for his work, and must have acquired 
an intimate knowledge of the spoken language, his dictionary is con¬ 
fined to the literary language only, and founded on the Kangyur and 
other classical books, the language of which, as will be presently noticed, 
bears little resemblance to the language of the present day. The rea¬ 
son was that he was writing for philologists, and scholars of Buddhist 
writings, but it is a great pity that his undoubted knowledge of the 
Western Dialect, at any rate, of the modern language, has thus been 
lost. 
The next Tibetan Dictionary was published at St. Petersburg by 
Professor J. J. Schmidt in 1841. 1 This was practically an adaptation 
of Csoma de Koros by translating it from English into German, though 
With the addition of a number of Mongolian words derived from three 
Mongolian Dictionaries; but in other respects it cannot be considered as 
much of an advance on Csoma’s Dictionary except that, as already 
noticed, the words were arranged in their natural order. Professor 
Schmidt had also published a Tibetan Grammar 2 in 1839. In 1858, Prof. 
Ph. Foucaux, who had already translated several Tibetan works, the 
Tibetan characters of which were lithographed, published a Tibetan 
Grammar in Paris. 3 In 1881, the Rev. H. A. Jaschke’s Dictionary 
appeared, which up to the present time has been the standard work on 
the Tibetan language. This work was a revised edition of a Tibetan- 
German Dictionary which appeared in a lithographed form between the. 
years 1871 and 1876, and which embodied the materials which he and 
his colleagues in the Moravian Mission at Kyelang in British Lahoul 
had been engaged in collecting since 1857. 
As it is, therefore, by comparison with Jaschke’s Dictionary that 
the advance made by the Dictionary now under review must be chiefly 
judged, it is necessary to consider in what respect Jaschke’s Dictionary 
was an advance on all its predecessors. In the first place it is much 
fuller and more copious ; authorities and examples are quoted in sup¬ 
port of the literary words; the alphabetical arrangement of the words, as 
1 Tibetisch-Deutsches Worterbuch. St. Petersburg, 1841. 
8 Grammatik des Tibetischen Spraclie. 
8 Grammaire Thibetaine. 
