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They live chiefly on grass, leaves and shoots of bamboos, wild plantains, small 
branches, stems and leaves of trees, and a full grown elephant consumes 
between 600 and 700 lbs. of green fodder per day. They drink twice a day 
after sunrise and after sunset; they feed the greater part of the day and night, 
resting from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. and from 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. They lie down to sleep. 
In marching they keep in strict Indian file, they are fond of bathing and wallow¬ 
ing. Their sight and hearing is not acute/but their sense of smell is highly 
developed. They are incapable of jumping vertically or horizontally; they can 
climb very steep places and are excellent swimmers, though their "pace is not 
rapid. They produce a variety of sounds,—a shrill trumpet, a roar, a rumbling 
growl, a low squeak and make a metallic sound by beating the end of the 
trunk on the ground while blowing through it; this they usually do in the 
presence of tiger. Though individuals are vicious, elephants are timid and 
inoffensive as a rule. In charging the trunk is tightly coiled, and the head is 
thrown up, the feet and tusks being used in attacking their adversaries. They 
are docile and obedient in captivity ; but not so'intelligent as is usually imagined. 
Elephants are shot, noosed, caught in pits or in kheddahs. To kill an 
elephant stone dead the brain must be reached and this lies far back in the head, 
exactly between the orifices of the ears. A facing shot, if standing on same 
level, should be placed low in the rounded bump or “ boss,” which is con¬ 
spicuous on the forehead and just above the trunk. A facing shot with the 
