Vowels. 
Consonants. Sounds only found m 
Hindustani. 
o' 
Jt 
ai 
an 
£ kb 
a d 
b Z 
J V 
J * 
j zh 
4J*» S 
ijt sh 
V* 5 ? 
O* ? 
Je t 
£ Z 
•» 
go dh 
3 d 
*3 dh 
J V 
*j rh 
o f 
(3 q 
^ k 
^ g 
J 1 
(* ra 
O n 
■<5^ kh 
8’ h 
vj when representing animasika in Deva 
Nagari, by ~ on the preceding vowel 
w (or rarely v) 
A h 
y 
Hamzah f (where necessary) * 
The J of the article J\ in Arabic words should be assimilated 
before the solar letters; and the vowel u which often precedes the article 
and absorbs its vowel should remain attached to the word to which it 
belongs. Thus—JUS[ Iqbalu-d-daulah. 
Tanwin may be rendered by w-e. g., ittijaqan . Alif-i maqsurah should 
be rendered by a. 
Final 8 need not be written in Persian and Hindustani words 
but should be written in Arabic words. 
