J 902.] S. C. Vidyabhusana— Vratya and SamJcara Theories of Caste. 151 
“In Jambu-dvipa (India) there live Brahmana, Ksatriya, Yai^ya, 
and pudra. In Plaksa-dvipa these four castes are named, respectively, 
Arya, Kura, Viviri^a, and Bhavin. In Qalmala-dvipa they are desig¬ 
nated as Kapila, Aruna, Pita, and Krsna respectively. In Knfa-dvipa 
they are called, respectively, Damin, f usmin, Sneha, andMandeha. The 
Pu§kara, Puskala, Dhanya, andTispa castes (that represent, respectively, 
the Brahmaua, Ksatriya, Yai 9 ya, and piidra) inhabit the dvipa called 
Kraunca. In faka-dvipa the Brahmana, Ksatriya, Yai 9 ya, and fudra 
are, respectively, named as Maga, Ma 9 aka, Manasa, and Mandaga. In 
the seventh, called Puskara-dvipa, there is no superiority or inferiority 
among men.” 
Arya .—In the above we have found that the Brahmanas called 
Ary as lived in Plaksa-dvipa, probably identified with Ariana (the land of 
the Arii). Aria (bounded on the north by Margiane and a part of 
Baktriane, on the west by Parthia and Karmanian desert, on the south 
by Drangiane, and on the west by Paropanisadai) was a small province 
included in Ariana, which comprehended nearly the whole of ancient 
Persia. 
Damin, etc .—The Damins were the Brahmanas of Ku 9 a-dvipa 
(probably identical with Serike mentioned by Greek writers and in¬ 
habited by Damnai and other tribes), palmala-dvipa in which the 
Kapila Brahmanas, and Kraunca-dvipa in which the Puskara Brahmanas 
lived cannot be identified with accuracy. 
I do not know whether there is any particular class of Brahmanas 
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