102 S. 0. Vidyabliusana —Vrcitya and SatnJcara Theories of Caste. [No. 2, 
the Jhalla, the Malla, the Nicchivi, the Nata, the Karana, the Khasa, and 
Dravida. He further says: “ In consequence of the omission of sacred 
rites and of their not consulting Brahmanas, the following Ksatriyas 
have gradually sunk in this world to the condition of £udras ; viz., the 
Paundrakas, the Audras, the Dravidas, the Kambojas, the Yavanas, the 
(Jakas, the Paradas, the Pahlavas, the Cinas, the Kiratas, and the Dara- 
das.” 
It is scarcely necessary for me to observe here that most of the 
tribes mentioned by Manu as Vratya Ksatriyas were foreigners. A few 
there are who were aborigines of India. Regarding each of these tribes 
a short note is added below:— 
Jhalla .—This tribe still lives in Northern India under the name of 
Jhal. 
Malla .—The Mallas were a Buddhist people that, according to the 
Mahaparinibbana-sutta, lived in Pava and Kusinara in the district of 
Goruckpore. Megasthenes and Pliny mention them as Malli, * * * § in whose 
country was mount Mallus, bounded by the Ganges. 
Nicchivi .—The same as Licchavis, who, according to the Mahapari¬ 
nibbana-sutta, lived in Vaisali (moden Basarh) in the district of Muz- 
zaffarpore. They were powerful in the 5th century B.C. Samuel Beal is 
inclined to identify them with a branch of the Yue-chi race f that lived 
in the western border of China. But I think the Nicchivis were the 
same as Nisibis or Nysaioi mentioned by Ptolemy and Arrian. They 
lived in Nysa, or Nissa north of Elburz mountains, between Asterabad 
and Meshd. In the 4th century B.C., Megasthenes saw in India a race 
called Nesei (probably the same as Nisibi, Nicchivi, or Licchavi). In 
the Ballala-charita chap. XVIII, the Nicchivis have been regarded as 
pure Ksatrayas and designated as Nikubhas. 
Nata .—The Nats,J who, according to Wilson, correspond in their 
habits with the Gipsies of Europe, live in the districts of Bhagalpore, 
Gazipore, Oudh, Marwar, Kattywar, &c. The Natas were, I think, a 
branch of the nomadic people of Sakai (in Central Asia). 
Karana .—The Karanas were probably the same as the people of 
Khaurana who, according to Ptolemy, lived in Skythia in Central Asia. 
The word Korano that is found inscribed on old coins is probably the 
same as Karana. According to Samuel Beal§ Korana and Kushana are 
* McCrindle’s Megasthenes, p. 135. 
t Beal’s Buddhistic Records, Yol. II, p. 67. 
I Sherring’s Hindu Tribes and Castes, Yol. I, p. 387, and Yol. II, p. 227. 
§ Kanishka was king of the Ynei-chi, and the rise of his dynasty is placed by 
Chinese authors in the 1st century B.C. On his coins he is styled in the corrupt 
