1902.] S. C. Vidyabhiisana —Vratya and Sainhara Theories of Caste. 165 
in fact as tribal relatives of Tamerai, who possessed the mountain re¬ 
gion tliafc lay back in the interior . . ., ■ ’ * * 
Darada. —The Daradas, mentioned in the Makabharata and Raja- 1 
tarar^gini, were the people of Dardistan. They inhabited the moun¬ 
tain region which lay to the east of the Lambatai and of Souasteneg and 
to the north of the uppermost part of the course of the Indus along 
the north-west frontier of Kasmira. McCrindle* observes:— ' : 
“ This was the region made so famous by the story of the gold-dig¬ 
ging ants first published to the west by Herodotus (lib. iii, ccii) and 
afterwards repeated by Megasthenes, while version of it is to be found 
in Strabo (lib xv, ci 44), and in Arrian’s Indika (sec. 15) and also in 
Pliny (lib. vi, cxxi and lib. xi, cxxxvi).” 
Vratya Vaigya. —Referring to the Vratya Vai^yas Manu says :— 
“From the Vratya Vai$ya caste are born Sudhanvan, Carya, 
Karusa, Vijanman, Maitra and Satvata.” 
Nothing is known about the people mentioned here. A little that 
is known about Karusa is noted below. 
Karusa— The people called Karusa are mentioned in the Visnu* 
purana (Book II, Chap. III). In the Mahabharata we find that King of 
Karusaf attended the sablia of Yudhisthira. Some identify Karusa 
with a part of the district of Shahabad, but I think the people called 
Karusa were the same as Calissae that, according to Megasthenes 
(McCrindle, p. 137), lived beyond the Granges.]; 
From the above it is evident that the people of Parthia, Paradene, 
Balkh, Sakai, Skythia, Serike, China, JDardistan, Nepal, Sikkim, Behar, 
Orissa, Northern Bengal, Southern India, Kirrhadia, etc., have all been 
called Vratyns or non-observers of Vedic rites. In fact the foreigners 
and aborigines who were not followers of Brahmanism -were called 
Vratyas. 
_ 
* McCrindle’s Ptolemy, p. 107. 
X Mr. Pargiter observes :— 
Karusa, therefore, was a liilly country and lay south of Kasi and Vatsa between 
Cedi on the west and Magadha on the east, and enclosing the Kaimur hills, which 
are part of the Vindhyas ; that is, it comprised all the hilly country of which Rewa 
is the centre, from about the river Ken on the west to the confines of Yihar on the 
. * -- 
east. It would have touched Chedi on its north-west and Dasarna on its west 
(Jou nal, A. S. B., Part I of 1895, p. 255-56.) 
