170 S. C. Yidyabhusana —Vratya and Samkara Theories of Caste. [No. 2, 
Kathis, issuing from tlie lower parts of the Punjab, established them¬ 
selves in Surastra, and gave the name of Kathiabad to the great penin¬ 
sula of Gujerat. 
Ayogava .—According to Manu, son of a S'udra father and Faisya 
mother. 
Dhigvana .—According to Manu, son of a Brahmana father and 
Ayogava mother. 
Pukkasa .—According to Manu, son of a Nisada father and S'udra 
mother. 
KuhJcutaka .—Son of a Sudra father and Nisada mother. 
Kvapaka .—Son of a Ksatri father and Ugra mother. 
Vena. —Son of a Yaidehaka father’and Ambastha mother. 
• • • • .* 
Sairandhra .—Son of a Dasyu father and Ayogava mother. 
Maitreyaka .—Son of a Vaidelia father and Ayogava mother. 
Kaivarta .—According to Manu, son of a Nisada father and Ayogava 
mother. But the Kaivartas were perhaps a tribe of the original inhabit¬ 
ants of Bengal, etc. In the Baraayana (Ayodhyakanda 83) they are des¬ 
cribed as moving in cow-carts and (in the Ayodhyakanda 84) as posses¬ 
sors of five hundred boats. 
Margava .—The same as Kaivarta. 
Baca .—The same as Kaivarta. 
Kdrdvara .—Son of a Nisada father and Yaideha mother. 
Andhra .—According to Manu, son of a Yaidehaka father and Kara- 
vara mother. The Andhras were perhaps the same as Andharae mentioned 
by Megasthenes as living near the upper Narmada (McCrindle, p. 138). 
Meda .—Son of a Yaidehaka father and Nisada mother.* 
P dndusopaka .—Son of a Candida father and Yaideha mother. 
Ahindaka .—Son of a Nisada father and Yaideha mother. 
• • • 
Sapdka .—Son of Candala father and Pukkasa mother. 
Antydvasdyin. —Son of Candala father and Nisada mother. 
In the above we have found that the so-called mixed (Samkara) 
castes are not mixtures of different castes, but are [integral races of 
people whose ancestors were either aboriginal inhabitants of India or 
intruders from outside. I may also cite here a few instances of castes that 
had previously been regarded asYratyas, but in later days were reckoned as 
Samkaras. We have already seen that the Karana, Paundraka, Malla, 
&c., were regarded by Manu as Yratya Ksatriyas. But in later Sanskrit 
* The Monghyr inscription, which belongs to the earlier part of the 8th 
century, also names the Meda as a low tribe of this region (Asiatic Researches, 
Vol. I, p. 126, Calcutta, 1788), and, what is remarkable, their name is found joined 
to that of the Andhra, precisely as in the text of Manu (McCrindle’s MegastheneS > 
pp. 133-134). v 
