- 18 ] 
Substantives—Declension. 
o 
Sometimes the Chitrali form of genitive is used, adding o to the 
Nominative, as— 
sirkdro, of Government. bidzo, of heart. 
tottio , of father. wu-o, of sister-in-law. 
A common form of Genitive is to add wd to certain compound 
words, such as al bidz-wd, of great heart (generous) ; digar zira-iod , of had 
heart; shtal warz-wd, of true word; lattrz-wd, (man) of property; 
drushtz-ivd, (man) of poverty; kdno-wd, (a place) of trees, (shady); 
le bidz-wd, (man) of good intention. 
Where we use a Genitive the Kafirs often use a Dative; thus, in place 
of “ a horse’s bridle ” it is very usual to say “ horse-to bridle.” 
14. The Dative, Locative, and Ablative are formed by adding the 
suffixes d , e, z, or o, together with td, ste , mesh or some other of the post¬ 
positions mentioned in para. 63. The Ablative is sometimes formed 
by adding d to the Nominative, as eo gujard, in one day; tarwochd, 
with a sword; or a, as, peshdnia, on (your) forehead; dushtd , on (your) 
hand. In the Dative, the suffix td is often dispensed with. Sometimes the 
suffixes d, e, etc., are not used, or short vowels are used in place of long 
ones. 
15. The Accusative or Objective is often the same as the Nominative. 
Some words add a, e , e , or, (as in Khowar,) o for the Accusative, or change 
the terminal, if a short vowel, into e or o , as— 
work, 
kudum, 
Accusative, 
kudiima, 
horse, 
ushp , 
5> 
ushpe. 
enow, 
zirn, 
» 
zzmo. 
head, 
psjiai, 
JJ 
pshaio. 
16. The Vocative is usually formed by adding d or o to the Nomina¬ 
tive, as tott-d , father ! Sometimes it is the same as the Nominative, 
some Interjection, such as he, preceding it. 
17. The Nominative plural is often the same as that of the singular, 
but sometimes an, en , in, or an, is added. 
IS. The inflected cases plural (as in the Chitrali) end in an or on or on. 
