Bibliography. 
173 
spoken by the inhabitants of Mandat, Chitela, Parena, Kundi, Seva, 
Kulman. About one-sixth agree somewhat with my collection of Bashgali, 
and about one-third are common to Urdu or Persian, as, ghoda, ghodi , 
horse, mare ; gal, abuse ; daru, powder; gom , wheat. 
The numerals 1 to 20 are in many cases almost identical with 
Persian or Urdfl ; and one-eighth of the words agree with Lumsden’s 
Waiguli. 
•» 
Mr. J. Bird observes (Bo. Geo. Soc., Vol. I, p. 403) the Pashai language 
is of special interest in connection with the Pasiani, who, with the Asii 
and others, overturned the Greek Kingdom of Bactria 125 B.C. He 
thinks the languages of Kafiristan, Pashai, Ohitral have a common origin 
in a Sanscrit or Persian language, probably the Zend. 
Leitner, Dr. G. W .-—Languages and Races of Bardistan, 1877 .■~~ 
Treats of the Kalasha * language, not of the dialects spoken by people 
in Kafiristan proper. 
Leitner, Dr. G. W.— Lecture on the BashgaUs and their language . 
—Journal United Service Institute (Simla), 1880. —This treats of the 
Kalasha dialect, i.e ., the language spoken by the Kafirs who reside, not in 
the Bashgal valley of Kafiristan, but in Ohitral territory and are subjects 
of the ruler of Ohitral. It has a fairly close resemblance to the Ohitral! 
dialect or Kho-war, including the infinitive of the verb which, (as in Kho- 
war,) ends in h. 
Leitner, Dr. G. W.— Bardistan in 1866, 1886, and 1893 .—At p. 33 is 
a Bashgali prayer in the Kalasha dialect. It is largely Ohitral! and Urdu. 
Dr. Leitner says, (in regard to the word Kator), Baba Ayub, a Khorassani 
adventurer, established the Ohitral dynasty and took the name Kator, 
whence the dynasty is called Katori. Kator has been said by some to 
be Kitolo, the king of the great Yuetchi, about 420 A.D., who conquered 
Balkh. 
Leitner, Dr. G. W. : — Kafiristan and the Khalifa Question, 1895. — 
Considers the Kafirs must be ancient Greeks. 
Recently the Af gh ans have destroyed over 150 temples with innumer¬ 
able ancestral carvings showing Greek traditions. 
Leitner, Dr. G. W.— Journal Society of Arts, 1897. —There is much yet 
to learn about Kafiristan. Alexander the Great advancing against Nyssa, 
* Sir H. Rawlinson (Journal R. G. S. XLII of 1872) says the Sanscrit Kalika, 
“ dark-coloured,” (from which possibly the word Kalasha arises), may be the origin 
of the term Siah posh (wearing black) and possibly may be the Calcias of 
Goes. 
