Bibliography. 
175 
Askatangas * ; the Graynaio Skythai; Toornai; and Byltai near Mount 
Imaios, i.e., Baltistan or Little Thibet. The Sakai therefore appear to have 
been the mountaineers of Kafiristan, Badakhshan, Shignan, Roshan, and 
Baltistan. Their boundaries were : west, the Sogdiani ; north, Skythia, 
along the line parallel to the Jaxartes, so far as the limit of the country 
which lies in 130° E. and 49° N. ; east by Skythia along the meridian lines 
prolonged from thence and through the adjacent range of mountains called 
Askatangas, as far as the station at Mount Imaios, whence traders start 
on their journey to Seres, and through Mount Imaios as it ascends to the 
north as far as the limit to the country, viz., 143° E., 35° N.; south by 
Imaios itself along the line adjoining the limits that have been stated. 
Beyond the valleys at the foot of mountains Askanimia and Kome- 
dus and the village which they call Lithinon purgon “stone tower,’’ (lying 
in 135°, 43°), lies the very long road by which traders pursue their journey 
towards Seres, Serica (?). 
McCrindle, J. W.— Invasion of India by Alexander the Great. West - 
minster , 1896. —“The districts through which Alexander passed are now 
called Kafiristan, Chitral, Swat, etc. “ It is more difficult to trace in this 
than in any other of his campaigns the course of his movements, and to 
« 
identify with certainty the various strongholds which he attacked * * * 
A glance at the labyrinth of mountains and valleys which occupy the 
whole space in question in the best modern maps will sufficiently show how 
utterly bewildering they must have been to the officers of Alexander, 
who neither used maps nor a compass, and were incapable of the simplest 
geographical observations.” (Page 61.) 
McNaIr, W. W. (F.R.G.S.).— Explorations in part of Eastern 
* 
Afghanistan and Kafiristan, 1883. —This gives a vocabulary of about 108 
Kafir words, 28 numerals, and 7 short sentences. The numerals agree with 
mine, as do half the words, and most of the grammar of his sentences. 
Some of the words tally with those of Sir H. Lumsden and Sir A. Burnes 
(Waiguli). Many are different from any Kafir collection which I have 
seen, or from Sir A. Burnes* Pashai collection. The monument ordered to 
be erected by Timur was reported in 1883 to be in existence between the 
forts of Pushian f and Kurban. 
Masson, Charles. — Narrative of various journeys in Belochistdn, Af¬ 
ghanistan, etc., 1842, see also in Bombay Geographical Society's transactions 
* The central syllable is the Turkish word Taah, mountain. 
7 If so, it is close to Khawak and on the fringe of, if inside, Kafiristan. 
