362 A. H. Francke —A language map of West Tibet with notes. [No. 4, 
A language map of West Tibet with notes.—By A. H. Francke. 
(With Plate vii.) 
For the benefit of students of my Ladakhi Grammar, J. A. S. B. 
Part I, Extra No. II, 1901, I am now adding a language map of the 
ancient Ladakhi kingdom. 
In the map special attention has been paid to the Tibetan dialects 
of the Indus valley. To distinguish the characteristics of the differ¬ 
ent dialects, it has been asked in which manner the following conso¬ 
nant combinations are pronounced in each single dialect: — 
(1) sg, rg, sb, rb. 
(2) sk, rk, sp, rp. 
(3) hy, py, phy. 
(4) br, pr, phr. 
(5) gr, kr, phr. 
I. In the Hong-dialect the pronunciation is the following :— 
(1) rg or sg = oh (like Urdu £) ; sb or rb = v. 
(2) sk or rk = oh or h (like Urdu ^ or £) ; sp or rp =f. 
(3) by=j ; py=c ; phy = ch. 
(4) br = dr; pr = tr j phr = thr. 
(5) gr = dr; kr = tr; khr = thr. 
„ > % O K* » i - •> 
Examples. 
« .j 
(1) sgam= j** ; sbaste=vaste. 
(2) skampo = hampo; cospin = cofin. 
(3) bya = ja; phyogs = chogs. 
(4) brag = drag; phrugu = thrugu. 
(5) grangmo = drangmo; khrims = thrims. 
II. Leh-dialect: 
(1) rg or sg = oh (like Urdu ; sb or rb = y. 
(2) sk or rk = sk or rk ; sp or rp = sp or rp. 
(3) by=j j py = c ; phy=ch before a, o and u. 
Before e and i the y disappears, and b,| p, and ph retain their 
original sound. 
(4) br — dr } pr = tr ; phr = thr. 
(5) gr = drjkr=trj khr = thr. 
