364 A, H. Francke— A language map of West Tibet with notes . [No. 4> 
Id the Shayog-valley a development from type No. I to type 
No. IY can be observed which is very similar to that of the Indus 
valley. 
The dialect of Zangskhar is related to type No. I; only the north¬ 
western districts show traces of type No. III. 
The dialect of Rubshu is of an entirely different character alto¬ 
gether ; it is closely related to the Central Tibetan dialects and exhibits 
the Tibetan tone system in its full development (compare my article on 
Amundsen’s and the native grammarian’s tone system in Z. D. M. G., 
Yol. 57, p. 285.) But the tone system has not yet become quite extinct 
in the Indus valley, although the bad Tibetan of Indian and Yarkandi 
traders has done much harm to it. 
Conclusion : From the above tables of dialects it becomes evident 
that the farther we advance towards north-west, down the Indus-valley, 
the more the pronunciation of the dialects is in agreement with the written 
language; or, in other words, the north-western dialects represent a 
more archaic state of the Tibetan language. 
The Bard question of West-Tibet. Other researches have shown me 
that the north-western portions of Ladakh, at least as far up as Saspola 
in the Indus-valley, were once peopled by Dard tribes which have been 
tibetanized only recently. The reasons are: (1) the historical recollections 
of the people. (2) The Dard names of many pha-spunships. (3) Rem¬ 
nants of the Dard language in those districts. (4) Dard customs in 
those districts. 
Thus it can be shown, for instance, that Khalatse (Khalsi or Khalchi 
of the maps) used to be a Dard village in ancient times, although now- 
a-days at first sight it appears to be thoroughly Tibetan. 
(1) According to the historical recollections of its present inhabi¬ 
tants Khalatse used to be a Dard colony from Grilgit. 
(2) The p/m-spzmships. Pha-spun means ‘father-brothers.’ The 
members of a pha-spunship have to burn the dead in their* own pha - 
spwwship. My explanation of this is the following: In the ancient 
times the near relatives (father, brothers, etc.) had to bury the dead. 
All the members of a pha-spunship of the present day go back to one 
and the same family of ancient times. 
The pAa-sy?wnships of Khalatse are the following : 
(a) Brushalpa : It comprises the following six families : Khrolepa, 
rGyamthsopa, Sherabpa, Ralupa, Gongmapa, bKrashis 
bsamphelpa. 
(b) Pakorapa : It comprises the following nine families : Sabipa 
sNumpa, Bhandrepa, rKangchagpa, Grong dponpa, Drag- 
chospa, Grambucanpa, Byabapa, rKyallupa. 
