190k] Sarat Chandra Dns —The Hierarchy of the Dalai Lama. 85 
Lithang, Chamdo, Kham, Lifhaog, Apo, Chakhyungtag, Kgan-tig 
Jomokhun. Ohambabomling, &c., thus propagating the Bnddhist faith 
in Mongolia and the border lands of Tibet. Having been worshipped by 
all classes of people—from the Khans of Mongolia down to the barba¬ 
rians of Ulterior Tibet, he returned to Tibet, full of glorv. He died in 
1587. The spirit of Sonarn Gya-tsho was discovered in Mongolia, the 
favourite place of his sojourn, in the family of Sumi Thaiji, a direct 
descendant of Jenghis Khan, the great Tartar conqueror. The child 
was named Yontan Gya-tsho 1 the ‘ ocean of good quality.’ This happy in¬ 
cident made the Mongolians firmly attached to the Yellow Church. They 
kept him in their country till the 15th year of his age. The authorities 
of Dapung, fearing lest the morals of their incarnate Lama might get 
stained by his continued residence in a country where chastity in the 
fair sex was unknown, brought him to Tibet at the bndding cf his 
youth. They gave him a good religious education before entrusting him 
with the duties of fhe high-priest of their monastery. About the time 
of Sonam Gya-tsho, the Kalmuk Tartars of Khalkha had set up a third 
hierarch of the Yellow-cap sect under the name of Je-tsun-Dampa* at 
Urga—the city of tents. A question arose as to the relative position, 
in spiritual rank, of the high priest of the Mongolian monastery of 
Gahdan and the Khalka hierarch. The Tartars of the upper and lower 
Mongolia were about to go to war for.its solution. 
In 1605, the young chief of the CEleuth Mongols effected reconcilia¬ 
tion between the Kalmuks and his own tribe w T ho had been quarrelling 
for some time on the question of precedence between Gahdan and Urga. 
For this service the Emperor of China conferred on him the Bnddhist 
title of Ta Kau-sri, from w T hich circumstance he became known by the 
name of Gushi Khan. 
In the year 1609, the armies of Tsang again invaded tX but encoun¬ 
tering much opposition they w T ere forced to withdraw from there. In 
1611, Phun-tshog Namgyal 3 who patronized the Shwa-mar (red-cap) 
Lamas, became the supreme ruler of Tibet. In the beginning of the 17th 
century the province of Tsang came to prominence on account of the 
power of its Deba or chief. He belonged to the Karmapa hierarchy 
known by the name of Shwa-mar which had its headquarters at Tshorpu 
and Halting. 'With a view to put to shade Tashilhunpo they erected 
a large monastery in its immediate vicinity. 
In the year 1615, Yontan Gya-tsho died, an event which was fol¬ 
lowed by the seige of the monasteries of Sera aud Dapung by the armies 
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