1904.] Sarat Ch. Das —Tibet under the Tartar Emperors of China. 99 
grand hierarch, of Sakya. Such liberality on the part of a monarch was 
unexampled in the world’s history. The Emperor not only assigned the 
revenue of the whole country for the service of the Church but also kept 
its government under his direct control for ensuring peace and prosperity 
to the Land of the Lamas. 
In the beginning of the year earth-drjagon two Commissioners, 
named Akon and Mingling were deputed by the Emperor to make 
an official enumeration of the people of Tibet. They, with the help of 
Ponchen fakya Zangpo, the chief Governor of Tibet, who was 
invested with the decorations and title of Zam-du-gun Wen-hu for his 
eminent services, took the first census of Tibet. They enumerated all 
the families residing in the provinces from Ngah-ri to Shalu in 
Tsang, and Governor Situ Akyi-get worked in the remaining provinces. 
Upper Tibet, comprising the valleys of the higher Indus and 
Sutlej which was divided into three kor or circles and therefore, 
called Ngah-ri Kar-sum, 1 returned altogether 2,635 families, exclusive 
of 767 families residing within the territories of the Ngah-Dag , the 
hereditary chieftain of Ngah-ri who claimed his descent from king 
Srong-tsan-Gampo. In the southern districts of La-toi Lhopa , there 
were 1,088 families, while the northern districts, called La-toi chang 
returned 2,250 families. 
The total of families in Ngah-ri and Tsang was 15,690, and that 
of the province of 0 (Central Tibet), including Kongpo, was 20,763, 
giving a grand total of 36,453. The population of Yam Dok (lake 
Palti districts), which was at this time divided into six Leb and estimated 
at 750 families, was excluded from the above total. So also all the 
lands held by the different monasteries were not included in the state 
list which was made for the levying of revenues. A separate enumeration 
of the families contained in them was made. In Chumig Thikor 
there were 3,021 families ; under Shalu 3,892 families. The Chang- 
Dok, including lake Teng-ri-nor or Nam-tsho, till then not being 
included in any of the Thikor , was left out in the Census. 
Mang-khar and Til-chen owned 120 families ; Tsangpa, 87 families ; 
were included in the three Cholkha. All the countries lying between Gung-thang in 
Ngah-ri and Sog-la Kyavo were included in what was called Choikyi Cholkha 
i.e.y the division or province of Buddhism. The provinces between Sog-la Kyavo 
and Machu ( Hoangho) headwaters formed the 2nd Cholkha, the place of black-headed 
men. The countries lying between Machu and Gya Chorten Karpo, the gate of the 
great wall where there was a white chorten, were included in the third Cholkha , the 
original home of the horse. 
1 Purang, with the mountains of Kangri, formed one hor or circle. 
Guge with numerous defiles and ragged cliffs, formed one kor. 
Mang-Yul, with its mountain streams and glaciers formed one kor, 
