1904.] Sarat Oh. Das— Tibet under the Tartar Emperors of China. 101 
3. Husband and wife, together with all the junior brothers who 
shared with the husband the wife’s bed, two children, and a pair of 
domestic servants—in all even or more. 
4. Cattle—one milch cow, one heifer, a pair of plough bullocks, 
one he-goat and 12 she-goats, one ram with 12 ewes. 
These four beads completed the qualifications of a Tibetan family 
for paying revenue to the state for the lands it held under Government.. 
Such a family was called Hordu, from hor, Tartar nomad and du 
smoke. From the top-hole of a. Tartar tent issued the smoke of cooking 
which gave the name of hordu to the owner of the tent. Though the 
term Fyodu signified a Tibetan agriculturist’s house or family, the two 
words afterwards became mixed up. The word tsa-du a settled 
family paying revenue, also became mixed up with the other two terms. 
Fifty such Hordu formed a Tago. 
Two Tago made a gya-kor (circle of 100 families). 
Ten gya-kor formed a tong-Jcor (circle of 1,000 families). 
Ten tong-kor formed one Thikor or Thikhor (a circle of 10,000 
families). 
The population of Tibet proper was originally estimated at a million 
and three hundred thousand souls, out of which 22,000 belonged to the 
church. Tibet was originally divided into 13 Thikoron, each Thikor 
containing circles average 10,000 families or at least 100,000 souls. 
A Thipon (chief over 10,000) was appointed over every Thikor. 
Ten Thikor formed one Lu. 
Ten Lu formed one Shing. Under Emperor Khublai there were 
eleven such Shing, outside of China, over which he ruled from his 
capital Taitu (Peking). The three great provinces of Tibet, then 
designated under the name of Chlokha-sum, did not form even one Shing; 
yet, out of courtsey, and because it was the headquarters of Buddhism, 
the Emperor permitted Tibet to be counted as a Shing. 
From every full Thikor Government permitted about 1,000 males 
to be drawn to the church to be monks for whose support one-sixth of 
the revenue was made a present of to the hierarchs of Sakya. 
It is also stated that in the year fire-hog, twenty years after the 
first census, two Commissioners, named Hosha and Oonukhan, were 
deputed by the great Yamen of Peking to make a more correct enumera¬ 
tion of the inhabitants of Tibet. Their labours were embodied in a 
voluminous work called Losal kungah gyan Bin Theng. 
In the Debter (official records) compiled by Du-wensha, Shon-nu- 
gon, and one of the ministers of Sakya, the following accounts occur:— 
Tibet was divided into districts and sub-districts called Jam-chen 
(larger district) and Jam-chung (smaller district). The province of 
