Beu: Evolution of Janthina and Reduzia 
125 
In preparing the systematic revision of Janthina and 
Reduzia species the writer had access to (1) the manuscript 
of a revision of living Janthina species commenced by Tom 
Iredale c. 1910, now kept in the Australian Museum, Sydney. 
Iredale evidently added to it in later years, and extracted 
the proposal of Violetta from it (Iredale, 1929). It reveals 
Iredale’s thorough knowledge of early works on Mollusca 
and includes a number of obscure early species names. (2) 
Laursen’s (1953) monograph, the most useful published work 
on living species of Janthina. (3) The online catalogue of 
North American Mollusca by Rosenberg (2017), Malacolog 
4.1.1 (accessed 5 Jun 2012). (4) An online catalogue of 
Australian Mollusca prepared at the Australian Museum 
by R Middlefart and co-workers, of which the section on 
Janthinidae was sent to the writer for comment by W. F. 
Ponder (17 Mar 2012). (5) W. F. Ponder’s updated version 
of Charles Hedley’s loose-leaf catalogue of published 
references to Australian Mollusca. This contains a few further 
references not noted in any other works. Many other papers 
also provided references to “Janthinidae” in earlier works. 
It is hoped that this combination has brought to light all 
published names in Janthina and Reduzia. However, none 
of these sources considered either fossils or the species- 
level taxonomy of Recluzia. As far as the writer is aware, 
research on fossils over more than 45 years has brought all 
fossil records to light, but the writer is keen to hear of any 
fossil records not included. 
Janthina species have been illustrated in most identi¬ 
fication guides and faunal surveys of living tropical and 
temperate marine Mollusca for more than 400 years, and it 
is obviously impossible to include all published references 
in the chresonymies here. The chresonymy lists below are 
nevertheless fairly extensive and include all monographs of 
Janthina (Reeve, 1858; Morch, 1860; Kiister, 1868; G. B. 
Sowerby II, 1882; Laursen, 1953), most other well-known 
reference works and recent identification guides on Mollusca, 
all specialized papers on “Janthinidae” the writer is aware 
of, and a reasonably exhaustive list of Australian and New 
Zealand literature on Mollusca. Morch (1860) provided 
references to a large number of early works in which names 
are not available; these are not included here. He also listed 
many other early works with available names (although no 
further synonyms), many of which have not been included 
because the chresonymy lists already are extensive. Morch 
(1860) also gave an extensive summary of published works 
on Janthina anatomy and biology, a lot if it now known to 
be incorrect. Most other faunal surveys of living molluscs 
and most identification guides would provide further 
chresonymy. 
Illustrations of whole shells by light photography in the 
present work are all provided as far as possible at the same 
scale, enlarged uniformly by two, to allow ready comparison 
of specimens and species. A few small specimens have 
been illustrated at twice this magnification, and other small 
and juvenile specimens have been illustrated at higher 
magnifications by SEM. 
Abbreviations: institutional acronyms 
AMS Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia. 
AUGD Geology Department, University of Auckland, 
New Zealand (now Geology Programme, School 
of Environment). 
AWM Auckland War Memorial Museum, Auckland, New 
Zealand. 
GNS GNS Science, Fower Hutt, New Zealand (formerly 
NZ Geological Survey). 
MCZR Museo Civico di Zoologia di Roma, Italy. 
MFM Mizunami Fossil Museum, Mizunami, Gifu 
Prefecture, Japan. 
MHNB Musee d’Histoire naturelle de Bordeaux, France. 
MHNG Musee d’Histoire naturelle de Ville de Geneve, 
Switzerland. 
MIGM Museo do Instituto Geologico e Mineiro de 
Portugal, Fisbon, Portugal. 
MNHN Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 
France. 
NHMUK The Natural History Museum, Fondon, United 
Kingdom. 
NMB Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Switzerland. 
NMNZ Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 
Wellington, New Zealand. 
NMV Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. 
OUGD Department of Geology, University of Otago, 
Dunedin, New Zealand. 
RGM Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, Feiden, the 
Netherlands, paleontological collections. 
SAMA South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South 
Australia. 
SMF Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und 
Naturmuseum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. 
UFPGC Departmento de Biologia, Universidad de Fas 
Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria Island, 
Spain. 
UPSZT Y Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, 
Sweden. 
USNM United States National Museum of Natural 
History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 
USA. 
WAM Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western 
Australia. 
ZMB Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany. 
ZMUC Universitets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, 
Denmark. 
Other abbreviations. M24/H23 (etc.)—fossil locality 
numbers in the New Zealand Fossil Record Electronic 
Database (FRED; http://www.fred.org.nz); map sheet 
number (e.g., M24) in New Zealand map series 260 (1: 50 
000) followed by the locality number (e.g., fl23) within that 
sheet. Truncated grid references, locating each locality to 
within 10 m on the same NZMS 260 sheet, are also cited here; 
14-figure grid references and precise latitude and longitude 
for each New Zealand fossil locality can be found in FRED. 
Fm , formation (in the sense of lithological/stratigraphical 
unit), used in captions and diagrams; ka , thousands of years 
ago; Ma , millions of years ago; MIS, marine isotope stage, 
now a standard subdivision of Pliocene and Pleistocene time, 
defined by glacial-interglacial sea-level changes (Pillans 
et al. , 1998; Pillans & Gibbard, 2012; standard series of 
MIS: Lisiecki & Raymo, 2005). Routine abbreviations 
for specimen dimensions: H, height; D, width (maximum 
diameter, orthogonal to height); and SH, spire height. 
