Beu: Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia 
183 
only his smaller specimens, with camera lucida drawings. 
Keen (1968: 408, 410, pi. 59, figs 78a-80) illustrated the 
type material in NHMUK of all three names proposed by 
Carpenter and recorded three syntypes of Ianthina decollata, 
demonstrating that they are typical specimens of J. globosa. 
Type material of all three names, from Mazatlan, western 
Mexico, is still present in NHMUK: I. decollata , one syntype 
remaining, NHMUK1857.6.4.878 (K. Way NHMUK pers. 
comm. 05 Feb 2013). 
The name Janthina nitens var. atlantica Morch (1860: 
280) was defined by a list of references, the first of which 
was “Janthina communis Q. et G., Ast[rolabe], t. 29, fig. 1-4”, 
followed by a further six references (Morch did not italicize 
Janthina in headings in this paper). The other references are 
to M. E. Gray (1842: pi. 48, fig. 1, and pi. 117a, figs 2t^c), 
Chenu (1859: 118, fig. 518), Woodward (1851: 148), Gray 
(1857: 52, fig. 30) and Cuvier (1808: pi. 1, figs 3-5). Most 
of these figures show J. globosa , and these and Morch’s 
reference to the Mediterranean locality cited by Fabius 
Columna show that the name is a synonym of J. globosa. 
The original material illustrated in the figures referred to by 
Morch (1860: 280) all constitutes syntypes of J. nitens var. 
atlantica. Kathe Jensen (ZMUC pers. comm. 18 Aug 2015) 
stated that she was unable to find type material in ZMUC. 
Quoy & Gaimard’s (1833: pi. 29, figs 1-4) illustration, 
supposedly of “J. communis”, i.e., J. janthina , from “Ocean 
Atlantique”, shows a specimen with egg capsules attached 
beneath its float, and so is clearly not J. janthina , although 
the drawings are so crude that the species is not identifiable 
from this drawing. Also, the specimens illustrated by Quoy 
& Gaimard (1833: pi. 29) are not present in MNHN (P. 
Bouchet MNHN pers. comm. 5 Apr 2016). The location 
of any of the other specimens illustrated in the references 
cited by Morch (1860: 280) also is unknown. Therefore, 
the neotype of J. globosa, J. prolongata, J. nitens and J. 
rosea designated above, NHMUK1976168a, is here also 
designated the neotype of J. nitens var. atlantica. 
It has been assumed previously that Monterosato’s (1878: 
35) identification of Janthina pallida was correct. However, 
his type material is present in MCZR. Massimo Appolloni 
(MCZR) and Marco Oliverio (Department of Biology and 
Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, University of Rome 
1 “La Sapienza”) sent the writer photographs of some of 
Monterosato’s type material. The syntype examined of 
Amethistinalaeta Monterosato, 1884 (= J. pallida var. minor 
Monterosato, 1878), MCZR23414/1, is a small specimen 
(H 11.8 mm), one of five specimens of Janthina globosa 
from Algiers, labelled “ Amethistina laeta 1884 Monts 
[Monterosato] Alger (Joly)”. Because of confusion about the 
application of this name, which (as with J. splendens) has 
usually been assumed to refer to J. pallida , the illustrated 
specimen (Fig. 30D), MCZR23414/1, is here designated the 
lectotype of Amethistina laeta Monterosato, 1884. Janthina 
splendens Monterosato, 14 syntypes in MCZR; six syntypes 
are from Algiers, labelled “J. splendens Monts Alger! 
(Joly)”, two from Alexandria, Egypt, labelled “J. splendens 
Allesandria (Lothellerie)”, two from “Is. di Lipari”, and four 
labelled “Pal. coll. Di Blasi”. The illustrated syntype (Fig. 
30C, E) from Alexandria is a small specimen (H 13.7 mm) 
of J. globosa. Because of confusion about the application of 
this name, the illustrated specimen, MCZR23423/1, is here 
designated the lectotype of Janthina splendens Monterosato, 
1884. Janthina payraudeaui, type material not in MNHN, 
Figure 31. Janthina globosa (Swainson), Pliocene (Piacenzian- 
Gelasian), Bowden, Jamaica (USNM135575), specimen recorded 
by Woodring (1928: 405); basal fragment of last whorl showing 
sinus in growth lines (camera lucida drawing); greatest diameter 
4.2 mm. Scale bar 1 mm. 
location unknown; referring to Payraudeau’s (1826: 121, 
pi. 6, fig. 1) illustration of a specimen J. globosa from 
Corsica. The neotype of Janthina globosa Swainson and J. 
prolongata Blainville designated above, NHMUK1976168a, 
is here also designated the neotype of Janthina payraudeaui 
Locard, 1901. 
Other material examined. Fossils: Philippine Islands: Janssen (2007a: 59, 
pi. 1, figs 5A-6B) recorded and illustrated two small specimens of Janthina 
globosa , one from each of his localities Andal andAnda2, near the village of 
Anda on Cabarruyan Island, Lingayen Gulf, Pangasinan province, west coast 
of Luzon, Philippine Islands. A combination of planktonic foraminiferans 
and pteropods at this locality demonstrated a Piacenzian (late Pliocene) 
age (Janssen, 2007a: 110). Helwerda et al. (2014: 101) pointed out that 
the age of the Anda localities might be as young as Gelasian, based on 
planktonic foraminifera, and is uncertain at present; they are accepted as 
Piacenzian-Gelasian in the present paper. The small specimen, a little over 
9 mm high, from Andal (RGM517582; Janssen, 2007a: pi. 1, figs 5A-B) 
clearly reveals the lack of sculpture, near-spherical shape, anterior apertural 
prolongation, and moderately deep mid-outer lip sinus of J. globosa. 
Also, the specimen from Anda 2 (RGM517583; Janssen, 2007a: pi. 1, figs 
6A-B) reveals an incomplete but well-preserved Janthina protoconch. 
This material is critically important, as it is the first confirmation of the 
late Piacenzian-Gelasian (late Pliocene-earliest Pleistocene) occurrence 
of a living Janthina species. 
Jamaica: Woodring (1928: 405) identified a small specimen from the 
famously diverse Pliocene locality at Bowden, Jamaica, as “ Janthina sp ”, 
and suggested it might be related to J. globosa. The Bowden “shellbed” 
has been dated as early Piacenzian, calcareous nannofossil zone NN16 
(Aubry, 1993); as Piacenzian, based on planktonic Foraminifera (Berggren, 
1993); as “early late Piacenzian” (Janssen, 1998: 97) based on planktonic 
Foraminifera, confirmed by the occurrence of the “pteropod” Cavolinia 
tridentata (Niebuhr, 1775), which did not evolve until Piacenzian time 
(Janssen, 1998:105); as late Pliocene [i.e., Piacenzian] (Kohl & Robinson, 
1998); and as 2.8-1.6 Ma, spanning the Plio-Pleistocene boundary (at this 
date, intended for late Gelasian-early Calabrian, the boundary dated at 1.8 
Ma; Cotton, 1999). A late Piacenzian age is accepted here, recognising the 
rather poorly constrained age of this “shellbed”. The “shellbed” is highly 
heterogeneous and possibly formed as an olistostrome (B. M. Landau 
pers. comm. 2008), contains microfossils reworked from a range of ages 
(Kohl & Robinson, 1998) and certainly contains macrofossils from a wide 
range of environments. The lithostratigraphy was described in detail by 
Pickerill et al. (1998), who demonstrated several lenses of coarse-grained 
lithologies within the lower part of the formation. Kohl & Robinson (1998: 
43) concluded from the Foraminifera that the Bowden Formation was 
