Beu: Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia 
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species, (b) the statement was published before 2000, (c) 
Laursen used the term “the type”, and (d) the statement 
referred to an individual specimen. It seems likely that this 
is a separate specimen from the one mentioned by Laursen 
(1953: pi. 1, fig. 1, “middle”), which is significantly larger; 
apparently it is the specimen shown by Laursen (1953: pi. 
15.7). However, no formal lectotype designation is included 
in Laursen’s text, and it is unclear whether the statement in 
the figure caption was intended as a lectotype designation. 
Because of doubts about the validity of Laursen’s (1953: 
17, caption) lectotype designation, the syntype of Janthina 
janthina in Linnaeus’s collection housed by the Linnean 
Society of London and illustrated by Laursen (1953: fig. 
15.3; Fig. 33.3) is here designated the lectotype of Helix 
janthina Linnaeus, 1758. The two paralectotypes in UPSZTY 
referred to Helix janthina by Linnaeus (1764: 670) are listed 
above under J. globosa. The lectotype of Helix janthina 
is here also designated the neotype of Janthina violacea 
Roding, 1798, in order to refer this name unambiguously to 
J. janthina , rather than supplanting a later name. Laursen 
(1953) did not provide dimensions of the syntypes (which 
the writer has not seen), but judging from the original scale 
on Fig. 33 it is c. 25 mm in diameter. Linnaeus (1758: 772) 
stated its distribution as “Habitat in Europa, Asia, Africa; 
in M. Mediterraneo frequentior; etiam pelagica”; this wide 
distribution allows almost any type locality. 
Janthina communis , three syntypes examined, formerly 
NHMG1094/79, now catalogued as NHMG-INVE41376, 
without locality. These are also the syntypes of J. fragilis, 
which was simply renamed J. communis by Lamarck; 
Lamarck (1822: 206) listed “ Janthina fragilis. Encyclop. PI. 
456. F.l.a.b” (the proposal of J. fragilis) in the synonymy of 
J. communis. All three specimens are conspecific. The locality 
was stated by Lamarck (1822: 206) as “FOcean Atlantique 
et la Mediterranee”. However, Y. Finet (NHMG pers. comm. 
27 Sep 2012) pointed out that, as with J. exigua , Rosalie de 
Lamarck’s annotation on Lamarck’s copy of Animaux sans 
vertebres states that there was only one specimen in Lamarck’s 
collection, so two of these specimens evidently are not original 
syntypes. The drawings in Lamarck (1816: pi. 456, fig. 1) 
are not accurate enough to distinguish specimens, so it is not 
possible to determine which syntype is the original. Janthina 
penicephala, from near the Cape of Good Hope (Morch, 1860: 
16), no type material in MNHN, location of type material not 
known. The lectotype of Helix janthina designated above 
in Linnaeus’s collection housed by the Linnean Society 
of London is here also designated the neotype of Janthina 
penicephala Peron & Lesueur, 1807, in order to refer this 
name unambiguously to J. janthina , rather than supplanting 
a later name. Janthina affinis , 3 syntypes NHMUK1972018, 
without locality, ex Cuming collection. Janthina africana , 3 
syntypes NHMUK1976163, from “Zanzibar”, ex Cuming 
collection. Janthina balteata , 3 syntypes NHMUK1976164, 
from “Cape of Good Hope”, ex Cuming collection. Janthina 
casta , 3 syntypes NHMUK1972020, without locality, 
ex Cuming collection. Janthina caeruleata , 3 syntypes 
NHMUK1976162, without locality, ex Cuming collection. 
Janthina depressa , 2 syntypes NHMUK1976166, without 
locality, ex Cuming collection. Janthina fibula , 3 syntypes 
NHMUK1976169, without locality, ex Cuming collection. 
Janthina grandis, 3 syntypes NHMUK 1972019, without 
locality, ex Cuming collection. Janthina involuta, 3 syntypes 
NHMUK1976165, without locality, ex Cuming collection; 
these are unusual, distorted specimens of J. janthina. Morch 
(1860:279) stated that he had found the distorted condition in 
other species, and attributed it to “implantations d’Anatifes”, 
i.e., Lepas specimens attached to the Janthina shell. Janthina 
planispirata , 3 syntypes NHMUK1951.3.14.1-3, from 
“Atlantic Ocean”, ex Cuming collection. Janthina roseola, 
3 syntypes NHMUK1973003, from “Nicobar”, ex Cuming 
collection, 3 normal, faintly pinkish-mauve specimens of J. 
janthina. Janthina smithiae , 3 syntypes NHMUK1976167, 
from Glamorganshire, UK, ex Cuming collection. J. 
trochoidea , 2 syntypes NHMUK20130060, without locality, 
from the V.W. MacAndrew collection, purchased from G. 
B. Sowerby (K. Way, NHMUK, pers. comm. 19 Feb 2013), 
and so probably ultimately from the Cuming collection; 3 
possible syntypes also in NMV, purchased from H. Cuming. 
No specimens considered to be original material of lodes 
angularis Leach or Janthina britannica of Leach or Jeffreys 
are present in NHMUK (K. Way, NHMUK, pers. comm. 05 
Feb 2013). 
As noted above under Janthina globosa , Keen (1968: 
408, 410, pi. 59, figs 78a-80) recorded and illustrated the 
type material of all three of Carpenter’s (1857) Janthina 
names in NHMUK, recording 37 syntypes of I. striulata 
on Carpenter’s tablets 868-876 (nine tablets) and two 
syntypes (only one then still preserved) of I. striulata var. 
contorta on tablet 877. All illustrated specimens are clearly 
J. janthina , as concluded by Keen (1968), although the 
illustrated syntype of I. striulata var. contorta is an unusual 
specimen with a folded columella. Type material of all three 
names is still present in NHMUK; I. striulata , 9 syntypes 
NHMUK1857.6.4.868-876; I. striulata var. contorta , 1 
syntype NHMUK1857.6.4.877 (K. Way, NHMUK, pers. 
comm. 05 Feb 2013). All are from Mazatlan, Mexico. 
The writer is not aware of the location of type material of 
Janthina bicolor, stated to be from Jamaica; R. Janssen (SMF 
pers. comm. 18 Aug 2015) confirmed that there is no type 
material of J. bicolor in the remnants of Menke’s collection 
in SMF. However, J. bicolor is an earlier name than either/. 
pallida Thompson, 1840 or J. umbilicata Orbigny, 1841, so it 
is desirable to clarify its application with a neotype to avoid 
it supplanting later names. The lectotype of Helix janthina 
Linnaeus, 1758 and neotype of Janthina violacea Roding, 
1798 designated above, the syntype of Helix janthina in 
Linnaeus’s collection housed by the Linnean Society of 
London and illustrated by Laursen (1953: fig. 15.3), is here 
designated the neotype of Janthina bicolor Menke, 1828. 
Janthina costae (Morch, 1860: 274) was identified by a 
long list of published references, the first two pre-Linnean, 
followed by “Janthina bicolor O. Costa. Cat. syst. (1829), p. 
CVI, n° 27” (Morch did not italicize generic names in this 
paper) and a further 14 references; Morch apparently thought 
this was a species distinct from/ bicolor , i.e., / janthina. He 
provided the locality “Mediterranee (Costa)”. Kathe Jensen 
(ZMUC pers. comm. 18 Aug 2015) stated that there are 
three specimens in ZMUC identified as “possible syntypes” 
of / costae, ZMUC GAS-719, with an early label reading 
“Janthina costae Morch I. Canar [Canary Islands] McAndrew 
1865 ii 8” (presumably collected by the naturalist Robert 
McAndrew). This is the only known possible type material. 
If the date is a collection date, it is unlikely that these are 
syntypes, but McAndrew likely collected them during his only 
visit to the Canary Islands in 1852 (MacAndrew, 2008: 72), 
Morch saw them in McAndrew’s collection, McAndrew sent 
