208 
Records of the Australian Museum (2017) Vol. 69 
Conclusions 
1 Janthinidae is a synonym of Epitoniidae; demonstrated also 
from molecular sequences by Churchill et al. (2011a) and 
Takano & Kano (2014). 
2 Janthina evolved late in Miocene time from a benthic 
epitoniid resembling Alora , whereas Recluzia evolved 
independently during Holocene time from a benthic 
epitoniid resembling Alexania and Surrepifungium, i.e., 
adaptation to a neustonic life evolved twice in Epitoniidae. 
3 T ime ranges of fossil species of Janthina provide a Pliocene 
biostratigraphical zonation based on relatively large 
(20-40 mm) cosmopolitan gastropods, although fossils 
are probably too rare other than in New Zealand, southern 
Australia, Japan and possibly the Atlantic islands to be of 
practical use. The main event of utility for biostratigraphy is 
the abrupt (apparently punctuational) extinction of J. typica 
and origination of J. chavani at 3.0 Ma, in mid-Piacenzian 
time. Time ranges are: 
• Janthina typica. Messinian-early Piacenzian, c. 7-3.0 
Ma; 
• Janthina chavanv. late Piacenzian-Calabrian, 3.0-c. 
1.6 Ma; probably younger (to 1 Ma or younger?) in 
Bridgewater Limestone in SE South Australia; 
• Janthina krejcii sp. nov.: Zanclean, c. 4.8-4.3 Ma, 
constrained by the stratigraphy of Santa Maria Island; 
• Janthina globosa: late Piacenzian or Gelasian (c. 3-2 
Ma?) to Holocene; 
• All other Janthina and Recluzia species (J. exigua , J. 
janthina , J. pallida , J. umbilicata , Recluzia johnii , R. 
lutea)\ Holocene only. 
4 These time ranges suggest a phylogeny in which the 
earliest neustonic epitoniid, Janthina typica , evolved during 
Messinian time from a benthic epitoniid. Janthina typica 
became extinct and J. chavani originated in mid-Piacenzian 
time, at 3.0 Ma, and J. janthina originated from J. chavani 
during late Calabrian time, or later. Janthina krejcii sp. 
nov. originated from J. typica during Zanclean time, and 
gave rise to two minor clades during late Piacenzian time: 
Janthina globosa (fossils recorded from late Piacenzian or 
Gelasian) and its daughter species J. pallida , and J. exigua 
and its daughter species J. umbilicata. 
5 The suggested phylogeny and taxonomy should be 
evaluated by comparing molecular sequences of several 
(preferably all) living Janthina species, Recluzia johnii , 
R. lute a, Alexania natalensis, Surrepifungium and/or 
Epidendrium species, Alora species, and as many other 
species of benthic Epitoniidae as possible. 
Appendix. Type designations—a summary of types, museum registrations, and pagination in the present work. 
type status 
museum 
registration numbers 
page 
taxon 
holotype 
SMF 
SMF10135a 
173 
Janthina krejcii sp. nov. 
paratype 
SMF 
SMF10135b 
173 
Janthina krejcii sp. nov. 
paratype 
SMF 
SMF10135c 
173 
Janthina krejcii sp. nov. 
paratypes 
GNS 
WM18973 (10 specimens) 
173 
Janthina krejcii sp. nov. 
neotype 
NHMUK 
NHMUK1976168a 
182 
Janthina globosa { Swainson, 1822) 
neotype 
NHMUK 
NHMUK1976168a 
182 
Janthina prolongata Blainville, 1822 
neotype 
NHMUK 
NHMUK1976168a 
182 
Janthina nitens Menke, 1828 
neotype 
NHMUK 
NHMUK1976168a 
182 
Janthina rosea Anton, 1838 
neotype 
NHMUK 
NHMUK1976168a 
183 
Janthina nitens var. atlantica Morch, 1860 
neotype 
NHMUK 
NHMUK1976168a 
183 
Janthina payraudeaui Locard, 1901 
neotype 
MIGM 
MIGM1312 
165 
Hartungia typica Bronn, 1861 
neotype 
MIGM 
MIGM1312 
165 
Janthina hartungi Mayer, 1864 
neotype 
AUGD 
AUGD G5721 
168 
Turbo postnlatus Bartrum, 1919 
neotype 
Lin.Soc.Lond. 
lectotype of Helix janthina 
187 
Janthina violacea Roding, 1798 
neotype 
Lin.Soc.Lond. 
lectotype of Helix janthina 
187 
Janthina penicephala Peron & Lesueur, 1807 
neotype 
Lin.Soc.Lond. 
lectotype of Helix janthina 
187 
Janthina bicolor Menke, 1828 
neotype 
MHNG 
MHN G-IN VE51377 
192 
Janthina nana Gray, 1850 
neotype 
MHNG 
MHNG-INVE51377 
192 
Janthina vinsoni Deshayes, 1863 
neotype 
MHNG 
MHNG-IN VE51377 
192 
Janthina courcellei Mabille & Rochbrune, 1889 
neotype 
NHMUK 
NHMUK1951.3.14.4 
195 
Janthina pallida Thompson, 1840 
neotype 
NHMUK 
NHMUK1854.12.4.403 
196 
Janthina globosa Blainville, 1822 
neotype 
NHMUK 
NHMUK1854.12.4.403 
196 
Janthina megastoma A. Adams, 1861 
neotype 
NHMUK 
NHMUK197432 
201 
Helix johnii Holten, 1802 
neotype 
MNHN 
MNHN25667 
204 
Janthina lutea Bennett, 1840 
neotype 
MNHN 
MNHN25667 
204 
Janthina turrita Philippi, 1849 
neotype 
MNHN 
MNHN25667 
204 
Recluzia rollandiana Petit de la Saussaye, 1853 
lectotype 
SAMA 
SAMA T1494A 
168 
Heligmope dennanti Tate, 1893 
lectotype 
ZMB 
ZMB41985a 
182 
Janthina patula Philippi, 1844 
lectotype 
MCZR 
MCZR23414/1 
183 
Amethistina laeta Monterosato, 1884 
lectotype 
MCZR 
MCZR23423/1 
183 
Janthina splendens Monterosato, 1884 
lectotype* 
Lin.Soc.Lond. 
not registered 
187 
Helix janthina Linnaeus, 1758 
lectotype 
NHMUK 
NHMUK1854.12.4.399a 
189 
Janthina orbignyi (Morch, 1860: 277) 
Specimen illustrated by Laursen (1953: fig. 15.3); see also Fig. 33.3 (p. 189). 
