there was a rush, presumably of the 
fighting members, to the spot where 
the row began, and after some seconds 
a large Leopard sprang from the midst 
of the scuffle. In a few bounds he was 
in the open, and stood looking back, 
licking his chaps. The Pigs i id not 
break cover, but continued on their way. 
They were returning to their lair after 
a night's feeding in the plain, several 
families having combined for mutual 
protection; while the beasts of prey 
were evidently waiting for the occasion. 
I was alone, and though armed, I did 
not care to beat up the ground to see 
if in either case a kill had been effected. 
The numerous herd covered a consid- 
erable space, and the scrub was thick. 
The prompt concerted action must in 
each case have been started by a spe- 
cial cry. I imagine that the first as- 
sailant was a Tiger, and the case was at 
once known to be hopeless, the cry 
prompting instant flight, while in the 
second case the cry was for defense. It 
can scarcely be doubted that in the first 
case each adult Pig had a vision of a 
Tiger, and the second of a Leopard or 
some minor foe." 
The structure of throats that talk and 
sing varies greatly, and scientists have 
yet much to learn about the adaptations 
of forms to purposes. Agassiz gives 
the following clear description of the 
throats of birds: "The proper larynx 
is very simple, destituteof vocal chords, 
and incapable of producing sounds; but 
at the lower end of the windpipe there 
is a second or inferior larynx, which is 
very complicated in structure. It is a 
kind of bony drum, having within it 
two glottides, formed at the top of the 
two branches of the windpipe, each pro- 
vided with two vocal chords. The dif- 
ferent pieces of this apparatus are 
moved by peculiar muscles, the num- 
ber of which varies in different fami- 
lies. In birds which have a very monoto- 
nous cry, such as the Gulls, the Her- 
ons, the Cuckoos, and the Mergansers, 
there is but one or two pairs; Parrots 
have three; and birds of song have five." 
But there are still further items regard- 
ing special uses that make the question 
hard to solve. 
Some throats that have apparently 
the same structure as far as the scalpel 
and microscope can distinguish have 
marvelously different powers of deliv- 
ery. MacGillivray has pointed out that 
the Rook and the Hooded Crow seem 
to have just as complex an apparatus 
for their sepulchral utterances as the 
Nightingale and the Blackbird. But 
where loudness of sound is required 
without regard to range and quality 
there are some notable conformations, 
as in the Whooping Crane and the 
Howling Monkey. This Monkey has 
large cavities communicating with the 
glottis, and the air reverberates as it 
passes the larynx so the most deafen- 
ing noises are produced. 
Birds sing and other animals yell, 
roar, and snort, not for love-making 
purposes, but rather because of the joy 
of life that is in these creatures, and it 
manifests itself in this way as well as 
in the gambols of the Lambkin or the 
antics of the Monkey. The voice of 
the Mule is the sweetest sound in the 
world — to some other Mule. But it is 
sweeter still to the Mule that makes 
the joyful sound. Placzeck notes that 
a bird frequently sings lustily when he 
knows himself to be entirely alone. 
"In the spring-time of love, when all 
life is invigorated, and the effort to 
win a mate by ardent wooing is crowned 
with the joy of triumph, the song 
reaches its highest perfection. But the 
male bird also sings to entertain his 
mate during the arduous nest-building 
and hatching, to cheer the young and, 
if he be a domesticated bird, to give 
pleasure to his lord and the Providence 
that takes care of him, and in doing so 
to please himself. Lastly, the bird 
sings — by habit, as we call it — because 
the tendency is innate in the organs of 
song to exercise themselves." In other 
words, animals have the apparatus for 
making noises provided them in their 
organs of breathing, and because they 
have them they use them and are de- 
lighted with them, each in his own 
kind. Finding them a source of joy 
unto themselves it is not to be won- 
dered at that they employ their voices 
in their love-making because they feel 
that what pleases themselves so much 
must not be without effect upon their 
loved ones. 
204 
