chewing the cud get the highest enjoy- 
ment possible from this sense. They 
enjoy their food at the first grasp of it, 
and prove it by their persistence in 
struggling for certain roots and grasses, 
but their calm delight afterwards as 
they lie in the shade and bring up 
from the recesses of their separate 
stomachs the choice and somewhat 
seasoned pellets of their morning's 
gleanings is an indication of their re- 
fined enjoyment of the pleasures of 
this sense. 
Sir John Lubbock calls attention to 
the remarkable instances of certain in- 
sects in which the foods of the perfect 
insect and of the larvae are quite differ- 
ent. The mother has to find and 
select for her offspring food which she 
would not herself touch. "Thus while 
butterflies and moths feed on honey, 
each species selects some particular 
food plant for the larvae. Again flies, 
which also enjoy honey themselves, lay 
their eggs on putrid meat and other 
decaying animal substances." 
Forel seems to have found that cer- 
tain insects smell with their antennae, 
but do not taste with them. He gave 
his ants honey mixed with strychnine 
and morphine. The smell of the honey 
attracted them and they followed what 
seemed to be the bidding of their an- 
tennae, but the instant the honey with 
its medication touched their lips they 
abandoned the stuff. 
Will fed wasps with crystals of 
sugar till they came regularly for it. 
Then he substituted grains of alum for 
the sugar. They came and began their 
feast as usual, but soon their sense of 
taste told them there was some mis- 
take and they retired vigorously 
rubbing their mouth parts to take 
away the puckering sensation of the 
alum. 
Cigar smokers who really enjoy the 
weed confess that they cannot tell ex- 
cept by sight when the cigar goes out. 
In the dark they keep right on draw- 
j ing air through the cigar, and the 
| pleasure of the smoke seems to be in 
nowise diminished after the cigar is out 
unless the smoker discovers he has no 
j light. This seems to show that the 
I sense of taste has little to do with the 
pleasure of smoking. 
Tongues are used in tasting, seizing 
food, assisting the teeth to chew, cov- 
ering the food with saliva, swallowing, 
and talking. Man and the monkey, 
having hands to grasp food, do not 
use their tongues for this purpose. 
The giraffe does so much reaching 
and straining after food in the branches 
of trees that his tongue has become by 
long practice a deft instrument for 
grasping. The woodpecker uses his 
tongue as a spear, and the anteater 
runs his long tongue into the nest of a 
colony of ants, so as to catch large 
numbers of the little insects on its 
sticky surface. 
Cats and their kind have a peculiar- 
ity in that instead of having cone- 
shaped papillae their tongues are 
covered with sharp spines of great 
strength. These are used in combinq 
the fur and in scraping bones. 
Two characteristic accomplishments 
of man would not be his if it were not 
for his versatile tongue; they are spit- 
ting and whistling. The drawing of 
milk in nursing is an act of the tongue, 
and the power of its muscles as well 
as the complete control of its move- 
ments is an interesting provision of 
nature. It is believed by some that 
the pleasures of the taste sense are 
confined to such animals as suckle 
their young. 
Tongues are rough because the 
papillae, which in ordinary skin are 
hidden beneath the surface, come quite 
through and stand up like the villi of 
the digestive canal. The red color of 
the tongue is due to the fact that the 
papillae are so thinly covered that 
the blood circulating within shows 
through. 
8 
