Sinclair: Hydropeza empidid flies of Australia 
19 
postpedicel, concolorous with postpedicel. Proboscis stout 
and robust, long, extended well beyond mid-length of fore 
coxa, directed posteriorly; palpus about 0 . 75 x length of 
proboscis, clothed in long setae, apex of palpus rounded 
(view of apex obscured by wing). 
Thorax. Clothed in fine pruinescence; mesonotum brown; 
pleura paler along sutures. Setae not distinctly long or stout; 
6 acrostichal setulae anterior to 1 st dorsocentral seta, about 
0.25x length of dc; pprn with 1 seta and one dark setula; 1 
long presut spal and several finer short setulae; 5 uniserial dc, 
with intermixed finer setae; 3 npl; 1 long psut spal and 1-2 
finer setulae; 1 pal seta; 1 pair of sctl, with 1 pair of finer outer 
marginal setae. Antepronotum with pair of slender setae. 
Legs. Brown, increasingly darker apically. Inner anterior 
margin of fore coxa with more than 20 dark, short and 
thickened spine-like setae, mostly concentrated apically and 
mid-basally; apical setae longer than basal setae of coxa. 
Anterior surface of mid and hind coxae with long brown 
setae. Legs not clothed in very long setae as typical for 
genus. Fore femur slightly arched with long, silky ventral 
setae; nearly subequal to width of femur; base with pair of 
long, slender setae, nearly twice width of femur; distal half 
with distinctly separated brush of long, dark posterodorsal 
setae. Fore tibia slightly arched medially; posterior face with 
long, scattered setae, similar to fore femur; apical half with 
numerous, scattered, spine-like anterodorsal setae; apical 
half with 2 widely spaced, posteroventral spine-like setae. 
Fore tarsomere 1 shorter than segment 2, with long claw-like 
apical process directed ventrally (Fig. 18); base with spine- 
like anteroventral seta, two-thirds length of tarsomere; apex 
with spine-like posteroventral, posterior and anteroventral 
preapical seta; claw-like process tapered and twisted to 
posterior face of tarsi, bearing 4 long divergent setae, longer 
than tarsomeres 1 and 2 combined and several stout subapical 
setae. Fore tarsomere 2 with 1 long radiating seta similar to 
long setae on claw-like process; with several stout preapical 
setae. Mid femur with posteroventral row of widely spaced 
setae, length nearly twice width of femur; basal half with 3 
long ventral setae, twice width of femur; 1 anterodorsal on 
distal fifth; apex with 1 anterodorsal preapical seta. Mid tibia 
with 2 anterodorsal, 3 anteroventral and row of posteroventral 
setae; apex with several preapical setae. Mid tarsomere 1 
lacking erect stout setae. Hind femur with 1 anterodorsal 
setae on apical fifth and 1 preapical anterodorsal seta. Hind 
tibia with 2 anterodorsal setae, 2 anteroventral setae and 1 
dorsal seta on apical fourth; 1 anterodorsal and 1 anteroventral 
preapical seta. Hind tarsomere lacking erect stout setae. 
Tarsomeres of foreleg longer than tibia; ventral apical margin 
of tarsomere 4 of foreleg flattened and expanded; midleg 
tarsomere 4 expanded into pointed spatulate projection, longer 
than segment; tarsomere 4 of hindleg laterally compressed 
ventrally, keel-like, extending slightly beyond apex; tarsomere 
5 of each leg lacking dorsoapical extension. 
Wing. Infuscate with 1 long basal costal seta, slightly 
longer than sctl; all veins lacking setulae; R 4 and R 5 distinctly 
divergent apically; bm-m complete; cell dm slightly 
produced, shorter than length of cell bm; CuA + CuP absent. 
Halter brown. 
Abdomen. Tergites and sternites clothed in setae; setae 
of posterior margin overlapping more than half length of 
following tergite. 
Terminalia (undissected). Cercus divided into small, flat, 
horizontal dorsal lamellae surrounding anus, and slender, 
parallel-sided, medially arched lateral lamellae. Epandrium 
similar in form to lateral cereal lamella, arched medially. 
Hypandrium cone-shaped; postgonite not observed. Paired 
spine-like lobes arching from near base of phallus; phallus 
long and filamentous, recurved above terminalia. 
Female. Unknown. 
Distribution. Only the male holotype of this species is 
known, collected during winter (June) from Cradle Mountain 
National Park, Tasmania (Fig. 21). 
Etymology. The specific name is from the Latin unguiculus 
(claw, talon), in reference to the claw-like projection from 
tarsomere 1 of the male foreleg. 
Remarks. The male terminalia was not dissected, because 
only a single specimen is known. However, the highly 
modified forelegs should facilitate species recognition. 
Discussion 
The cladistics analysis resulted in four equally parsimonious 
trees, with length = 40, Cl (consistency index) = 0.6; Cl 
excluding uninformative characters = 0.53, RI (retention 
index) = 0.73, and RC (rescaled consistency index) = 0.44. 
The trees differed in the position of the Chilean species, H. 
curicoa Sinclair & Plant, as sister group to the Queensland 
species or sister to H. tasmanica + H. wardi group and the 
arrangement of the species in the Queensland group. In the 
strict consensus tree, the H curicoa branch is collapsed 
fonning a trichotomy with the Queensland species group 
and the H. tasmanica + H. wardi group. One of the four trees 
was chosen as representative and used to trace the character 
distributions (Fig. 29). 
In the present analysis the New Zealand species are no 
longer grouped into two clades as reported by Sinclair & 
McLellan (2004). Hydropeza aptera and H. unguicula are 
sisters to the remaining species, but this could be an artefact 
due to the effects of wing loss in the former and the unknown 
details of the male terminalia in the latter. In contrast, the H. 
longipennae group (which includes H. milleri) was sister to 
the remaining species of Hydropeza in the earlier analysis 
(Sinclair & McLellan, 2004). Hydropeza akatarawa is no 
longer assigned to the H clarae group due to differences in 
leg chaetotaxy and complete bm-m crossvein. Three New 
Zealand species form a monophyletic group on the basis of 
an incomplete bm-m crossvein (character 9.1). Hydropeza 
tasmanica and H. wardi form a monophyletic group united on 
the basis of peg-like setae on the posterior cercus (character 
19.1) and prolongation of the hypandrium (character 20 . 1 ). 
Hydropeza curicoa is sister to the Queensland species group 
{H. divaricata, H. angulata, H. intricata, H cornuta, H. 
queenslandensis) on the basis of the forked posterior cercus 
(character 21 . 1 ) and articulated postgonite (character 22 . 2 ). 
The monophyly of the clade comprising the six species from 
Queensland is supported by presence of an inflated hind 
femur (character 13.1). 
Transantarctic relationships have been documented in 
several lineages of Empidoidea (Daugeron et al. , 2009; 
Sinclair, 2010). Within Hydropeza , both New Zealand + 
Australia and Australia + southern South America faunal 
connections are illustrated. These phylogenetic patterns are 
consistent with the belief that Hydropeza was well distributed 
