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Records of the Australian Museum (2014) Vol. 66 
them from Porcellidium. It is proposed that these animals 
are placed in a new genus, Synurus gen. nov. The genus 
Acutiramus is redefined and maintained to accommodate a 
new species from Queensland, A. bipunctatus , and three new 
species from NSW, A. edenensis, A. cumulus and A Iwasaki. 
Two new species are described, Kensakia australis from 
Queensland and Kushia spathoides from NSW which belong 
to genera previously only known from Japan and Korea. 
The Japanese species, Clavigofera pacifica Harris & 
Iwasaki, 1996, is recorded in Australia for the first time. 
A survey of 50 Australian and Japanese species, for 
which detailed information about the structure of the male 
antennule is known, has shown that this appendage offers 
more useful taxonomic characters than any other part of the 
body. Not only do they show species specific characters that 
positively identify each species, but the overall configuration 
of shape, type and placement of setae and the shape, number 
and position of the coupling denticles is characteristic for 
each genus. Consequently the male antennule has far greater 
importance in porcellidiid taxonomy than the structure of 
the genital double-somite, caudal rami and P5 limbs that 
provided characters upon which specific differences were 
previously based, Lang (1948), Huys et al. (1996). 
Because of this, male specimens have been chosen for the 
holotype for each of the new species named here. The variety 
of male antennule structure will be shown in the following 
descriptions of new species and their significance outlined 
in the General Discussion. 
Methods and terminology 
Methods and terminology follow Harris & Robertson (1994) 
and Harris (2014). The male antennule is examined and 
measured from the ventral side when fully extended. The 
following method is used to obtain animals in this condition. 
Animals are washed from seaweed in a 50/50 mixture of 
water saturated with CO 2 (from a soda siphon or bottled 
soda water) and tap water. This appears to anaesthetize or 
immobilize the animals with antennules extended. Whilst 
in this state they are fixed with dilute formalin (2-5% 
formaldehyde) and later preserved in 5% borate buffered 
formalin (this retains the animal’s colouration for a year or 
more).Two measurements of body length are given: L m ax 
from rostrum to posterior extremity of the caudal rami, 
and L U rs from rostrum to posterior extremity of the genital 
double-somite. 
Drawings, biometric data and description of each species 
are based on calibrated digital photographs of paratype 
specimens mounted on slides in 50% glycerol or dissected 
and mounted in polyvinyl lacto-phenol (PVLP).Over a period 
of many years PVLP tends to over-clear specimens, but this 
can be overcome by using phase optics. 
The relative position of the a and |3 setae on the caudal 
ramus is indicated by the Hicks’ index defined as the distance 
of the seta from the posterior extremity of the caudal ramus 
divided by the length of the ramus expressed as a percentage 
(i.e., a/ramus length x 100). 
The naming of setae on the male antennule (8, n, a, x) is 
illustrated in Fig. 29E. 
Abbreviations: NHM, Natural History Museum, London; 
AM, Australian Museum, Sydney, NSM, National Science 
Museum, Tokyo (now National Museum of Natural Science, 
Tokyo). All holotype, allotype and paratype specimens of the 
new species described in this paper have been deposited in 
the Australian Museum, Sydney. Paratype specimens of each 
species have been deposited in the Natural History Museum, 
London. Type series and samples of most of the species are 
currently held by the author, but will be deposited in AM, 
Sydney. Were possible named specimens will be deposited 
in other Australian Museums. 
Systematics 
Family Porcellidiidae Boeck, 1865 
Genus Ravania gen. nov. 
Porcellidium .—Thompson & Scott, 1903: 275.—Wells & 
Rao, 1987: 29; Bodin, 1997: 65; Walker-Smith, 2001: 
656; Wells, 2007: 79. 
Type species. Ravania wellsi sp. nov. 
Diagnosis. Male antennule segment 3 with single denticle 
at base of anterior process (not comb-like), segment 4 with 
two tooth-like coupling denticles, no brush-pad or denticulate 
pad present; anterior of male cephalosome semicircular 
in outline (not truncated), rostrum oval in ventral view; 
female cephalosome not truncated; female caudal ramus 
not rectangular, T1 lateral, posterior border between T1 and 
T4 rounded or obliquely convex; terminal seta T2 always 
present, T3 always absent from male and female caudal 
ramus; female genital double-somite short, narrow (about 
1A width of cephalosome), pointed posteriorly, not clearly 
divided into anterior and posterior lobes; maxillule endopod 
with six setae; coxal lobes of maxillipeds touch in midline; 
female P5 exopods without ventral expansion, extend 
beyond genital double-somite, but do not touch posteriorly; 
male P5 trapezoid with one lateral and five terminal setae; 
spermatophore elongate, ephemeral on female, multiple 
insemination does not occur. 
Species composition. Ravania ravanae (Thompson & Scott, 
1903) comb, nov.; Ravania wellsi sp. nov.; R. doliocauda 
sp. nov. 
Members of genus known from Indian Ocean (Sri Lanka), 
sub-tropical coast of Queensland and northern coast of NSW, 
Australia. 
Etymology. The specific name ravanae has been raised to 
generic rank as Ravania (feminine). 
Remarks. The arrangement of denticles on the male 
antennule, rounded anterior to male cephalosome, shape 
of the female genital double-somite and caudal ramus 
which lacks T3 are features that distinguish Ravania from 
Porcellidium and Acutiramus. From the re-description of 
Wells and Rao (1987) it is clear that Porcellidium ravanae 
belongs to Ravania and should be renamed Ravania ravanae 
(Thompson & Scott, 1903) comb. nov. 
The description by Wells and Rao (1987) lacks important 
information about the male antennule and their illustration 
labelled “female P4” appears to be the male limb, however, it 
is clear that R. ravanae and R. wellsi are two distinct species. 
They differ in the following important details: R. ravanae 
has a small patch of setules on anterior lobe of mandibular 
palp, border setules on anterior lobe of female genital double¬ 
somite, T2 on the caudal ramus is very short and the male 
P2 endopod has three terminal setae. 
