Harris: Male antennule of porcellidiid copepods 
155 
Table 2. Differences between Australian and New Zealand animals. 
Acutiramus cumulus Acutiramus tapui 
Females 
1 Total length 0.78 mm. 
2 Conspicuous bulge above rostrum. 
3 Metasome segment 3 with reduced epimeral lobe 
that partly covers baseoendopod of P5. 
4 Border setules on genital double-somite 
short, all same length. 
5 Caudal ramus rhomboid (parallel sides). 
6 T1 and y setae deeply recessed. 
7 T2, T3 and T4 bunched together at apex. 
across medial half of posterior edge. 
8 a and |3 setae wide apart (27% of ramus length). 
9 Dorsal surface of ramus covered with 
conspicuous ridges. 
10 Seta on segment 1 of P4 endopod plain. 
Males SS 
11 Sensory lobe of male antennule without 
blade-like appendage. 
12 Truncated anterior border of male cephalosome 
broad with angular shoulders and bulge in midline. 
13 a and (3 setae on male caudal ramus not 
close (28% of caudal length apart). 
14 a and |3 setae on male caudal ramus short 
(length < Vi width of ramus). 
15 Male T1 and y setae recessed from posterior border. 
16 Male P5 trapezoid, apical angle 47° 
Total length 0.69 mm. 
Not mentioned. 
Reduced epimeral lobe not shown, baseoendopod 
of P5 fully exposed. 
Border setules of posterior lobe very long 
(three times longer than on anterior lobe). 
Caudal ramus “sub-rectangular”, tapers posteriorly. 
T1 and y only slightly recessed. 
T2, T3, and T4 not bunched together, spaced evenly 
a and (3 setae closer together (17% of ramus length). 
Reticulate pattern only recorded on distal 
part of ramus at 3 sampling locations. 
Seta on segment 1 of P4 plumose. 
Blade-like (acuminate) appendage 
present on sensory lobe (morph 1). 
Anterior border not as broad, without 
angular shoulders. 
a and [3 setae on male caudal ramus close 
(20% of ramus length apart). 
a and |3 setae on male caudal ramus long 
(a and p setae > than width of ramus). 
Male T1 and y not recessed. 
Male P5 “sub-rectangular”, apical angle 60° 
Note. It is considered that these differences justify naming the Australian and New Zealand animals as distinct species. 
Genus Clavigofera 
Harris & Iwasaki, 1996 
Clavigofera Harris & Iwasaki, 1996: 200.—Bodin, 1997: 67; 
Walker-Smith, 2001: 655; Wells, 2007:80. 
Porcellidium. —Pesta, 1935: 377; Lang, 1948: 425; Humes 
& Gelerman, 1962: 311; Wells, 1967; Marques, 1977: 
1057; Hicks, 1982: 64. 
Type species. Clavigoferapacifica Harris & Iwasaki, 1996: 
201-204, figs. 1-2. 
Diagnosis. Male antennule without denticle on segment 3, 
segment 4 with two denticles (never brush-pad or denticulate 
pad), segment 6 distinct (not fused with segment 5); anterior 
lobe of female genital double-somite with lateral striations 
(rugosities) on ventral surface (Fig. 30B); female caudal 
ramus rectangular, widens slightly posteriorly, terminal 
setae large, pinnately clavate, evenly spaced across posterior 
border (Fig. 30C), T1 same size and shape as T2-T4, not 
recessed; cephalosome with hyaline border, marginal glands 
open dorsal to border, cuticular honeycomb absent; female 
genital double-somite narrow, pointed posteriorly; maxillule 
endopod with six setae; coxal lobes of maxillipeds touch in 
midline, basis with fimbriate process; no ventral expansion 
to female P5 exopod, P5s extend to or beyond posterior 
extremity of genital double-somite, do not touch posteriorly; 
male P5 trapezoid with one lateral and five terminal setae; 
spermatophore elongate, ephemeral on female. 
Species composition. Clavigofera clavigera { Pesta, 1935); 
C. echinophila (Humes & Gelerman, 1962); C. laurencia 
(Hicks, 1982); C. ulva (Hicks, 1982); C. pacifica Harris & 
Iwasaki, 1996. 
The genus is widely distributed and occurs in the southern 
Atlantic Ocean (St. Helena), Indian Ocean (South Africa, 
Mozambique, and Madagascar), northern Pacific Ocean 
(Japan, Hawaii) and southern Pacific Ocean (Australia). 
Table 3. Values of Hicks’ index for a seta on caudal ramus of Cladofera species. 
species 
a% (mean) 
range (%) 
number in sample 
locality 
Clavigofera pacifica 
52.3 
50-55.5 
27 
Iwate Prefecture, Japan 
C. pacifica 
52.7 
51-55 
23 
NSW, Australia 
C. echinophila * 
52.3 
49.5-55.5 
8 
Madagascar 
C. laurencia * 
57.6 
56.3-60 
10 
South Africa 
C. ulva * 
62.5 
59-65.5 
10 
South Africa 
C. clavigera * 
67.35 
— 
1 
Hawaii 
data from Hicks (1982). 
