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Records of the Australian Museum (2014) Vol. 66 
Key to the species of Clavigofera 
1 8 seta on male antennule “whip-like” (> than length of antenn- 
ule), length of female > 0.75 mm. Clavigofera ulva (Hicks, 1982) 
- 8 seta on male antennule not long (< length of antennule). Length 
of female < 0.75 mm . 2 
2 Length of female < 0.5 mm, Hicks’ index for a seta > 65% 
. Clavigofera clavigera ( Pesta, 1935) 
- Length of female >0.5 mm, but <0.75 mm, Hicks’index for 
a seta < 60%. 3 
3 a, (3 and y setae of male = % length of caudal ramus. Animals 
associated with sea urchins. Clavigofera echinophila (Humes & Gelerman, 1962) 
- a, p and y setae less than 34 length of male caudal ramus. Animals 
found on seaweed.4 
4 Hicks’ index for a seta on female caudal ramus > 55%. Length 
of striated area < % length of genital double-somite. Clavigofera laurencia (Hicks, 1982) 
- Hicks’ index for a seta on female caudal ramus < 55%. Length 
of striated area = X A length of genital double-somite 
. Clavigofera pacifica Harris & Iwasaki, 1996 
Remarks. Clavigofera pacifica was first described from 
Iwate Prefecture, Honshu, Japan, Harris & Iwasaki (1996). 
Hicks (1982) placed emphasis on the position of the a seta 
on the female caudal ramus to separate species from S. 
Africa, Madagascar and Hawaii in his “ clavigerum complex” 
(see Table 3 above). Harris & Iwasaki (1996) raised the 
“clavigerum complex” to generic status on the grounds that 
the striations on the genital double-segment and shape of the 
terminal setae on the caudal rami are apomorphic characters. 
Although the species look very similar, biometric differences 
support their separation into distinct species. 
Based on ecological differences, statistical analysis of 
size and position of the a seta, Hicks (1982) considered C. 
echinophila, C. laurencia and C. Ulva to be three distinct 
species. Corresponding analysis shows that there is a 
highly significant difference in size and position of the a 
seta between C. laurencia and C. pacifica. Clavigofera 
echinophila, however, has the same value for a seta as 
C. pacifica, but morphological and ecological differences 
clearly show the two species are distinct, (C. pacifica lives 
on seaweed, C. echinophila lives in association with a sea 
urchin, Humes & Gelerman (1962). 
Etymology. Pesta (1935) described the terminal setae on 
the caudal rami as “club-shaped” (keulenformiger Gestalt). 
The generic name is derived from this, (L. clava = club + 
fero = to bear, carry). 
Clavigofera pacifica Harris & Iwasaki, 1996 
Figs 30-33 
Clavigofera pacifica Harris & Iwasaki, 1996: 201,204, figs. 
1, 2.—Bodin, 1997: 67; Wells, 2007: 80. 
Type material. Type locality: Kadonohama Bay, Ofunato, 
Iwate Prefecture, Japan. Holotype (female) NSMT-Cr 11950, 
allotype NSMT-Cr 11951 deposited in the National Museum 
of Natural Sciences, Tokyo, Japan. 
Australian specimens from NSW deposited at the AM, 
Sydney, P89053,20 10 SS, 8 SS coupled with juvenile 
female ex Lobophora variegata , Shelly Beach, Cronulla, 
Sydney, 34°03'S 151°H'E) V. A. Harris, 1974. Australian 
specimens deposited at NHM, London. 
Diagnosis. Ventral surface of cephalosome with wrinkles 
parallel to edge, hyaline border with striations parallel to 
edge; lateral striations on female genital double-somite 10% 
of animal’s length; Hicks index for a on female caudal ramus 
= 52%; a and (3 setae on male caudal ramus short (!4 length 
of ramus); 8 seta on segment 3 of male antennule about 
same length as segment 2; setules absent from anterior lobe 
of mandible; antenna endopod segment 2 without extensive 
area of setules; no row of setules on lateral surface of 
maxilliped basis. 
Biometric data. Data for Australian specimens, (values for 
Japanese specimens within square brackets). 
Females (N = 29 [27]): maximum length (L m ax) mean 0.59 
mm [0.61 mm], body length (L U rs) mean 0.57 mm [0.58], 
range 0.53-0.58 mm; cephalosome width (W) mean 0.35 
mm [0.39 mm]; rostrum width (R) 0.060 mm [0.065 mm]; 
genital double-somite width 0.22 mm; caudal ramus length 
0.16 mm, width (max) 0.065 mm. 
Ratios: (L max )/W 1.65, (L U rs)/W 1.52; caudal ramus 1/w 
2.4 [2.2], Hicks index for a 52% [52%]; number of eggs 
carried by female 6 [6], 
Males (N = 14 [16]): maximum length (L m ax) mean 0.44 
mm [0.42 mm], range 0.40-0.47 mm, body length (L U rs) 
