Harris: Male antennule of porcellidiid copepods 
161 
posterior border slightly convex with terminal fringe of 
setules. Terminal setae T1-T4 large, pinnately clavate (Fig. 
30C), evenly spaced along posterior edge [terminal setae 
of copepodids are not pinnate clavate], a seta about half 
way down ramus. Structure and setation of mouthparts and 
ambulatory limbs typical of family. Segment 2 of antenna 
endopod with a few surface setules, no extensive rows of 
setules (Fig. 3IB). Mandibular palp without setules on 
anterior lobe. Maxillule with single bulbous seta on exopod. 
Seta on distal endite of maxilla plain, not comb-like (Fig. 
31 A). Maxilliped without lateral row of surface setules on 
basis (Fig. 3 IE). Very small patch of denticles at lateral end 
of fimbriate crescent on PI endopod (Fig. 32F). Serrulate 
spinous terminal seta on P2 endopod 3 A length of endopod 
(Fig. 31 A). Serrulate spinous seta on segment 2 of P3 endopod 
shorter than endopod (0.85:1), large serrate spinous seta on 
segment 3 of endopod much longer than endopod (1.5:1) (Fig. 
32C). Seta on segment 2 of P4 endopod and first internal seta 
on segment 3 finely serrulate, spinous (Fig. 32B). Exopod of 
P5 lanceolate, dorsal surface pitted, one dorsal seta plus sub- 
apical and smaller apical seta (Fig. 30E), apex of P5s reach 
beyond posterior extremity of genital double-somite but do 
not touch one another. Females carry six eggs. 
Adult males (Fig. 30D). Colour, hyaline border, dorsal pits 
and wrinkled ventral edge of cephalosome as described for 
female. Cephalosome truncated, anterior edge turned ventrally, 
lateral angle of antennule socket prominent, shoulders sharply 
rounded (Fig. 33A). Caudal rami quadrate (1/w = 1) with lateral 
edge convex, dorsal surface pitted, a and |3 setae short (less 
than half length of ramus), terminal setae T1-T4 pinnately 
clavate, equal in size and equally spaced (Fig. 33B). Limbs 
as for female except for the following. Antennule held in 
characteristic posture when not folded ventrally (Figs 30D, 
33F), segment 2 as long as segment 4 + dactylus, segment 
3 with very short ventral process, 5 seta short (= length of 
segment 2), aesthetasc nearly twice length of segment 2, 
coupling denticles on segment 4 very small, proximal pointed, 
distal rounded, dactylus short with segments 5 and 6 distinct 
(!4 length of segment 2) (Figs 33E, F, G). Endopod of P2 with 
two plumose and one serrulate spinous seta on segment 3 (Fig. 
32D). Spermatophore about Vs length of animal. 
Remarks. Detailed descriptions of Clavigofera clavigera, 
C. laurencia and C. ulva that would confirm their validity 
were not given. A full description of these species is needed 
to justify use of Hicks’ index to separate them. 
Stage IV and V male and female copepodides have slender 
pinnate terminal setae on their caudal rami (Figs 32E, 33C). 
The characteristic pinnately clavate terminal setae of adults 
appear at metamorphosis. 
Distribution. Clavigoferapacifica is widely distributed on 
the coasts of Japan. Australian specimens have been collected 
from the mid and northern coast of NSW. 
The species has been recorded as abundant on Lobophora 
variegata at the following localities: Broulee rock platform 
(35°52'S 150°71'E) 47 22 SS, 6 coupled Shelly 
Beach, Cronulla, Sydney (34°03'S 151°11'E) 103 85 
cM,41 coupled c^Arrawarra Headland (30°03'S 155°02'E) 
122 70 SS, 74 coupled V. A. Harris 1974, 1976, 
1982. The species has been collected from a number of other 
seaweeds in smaller numbers. On Caulerpa sp., at Broulee, 
and Ballina (28°52'S, 153°36'E) also on Gelidium sp., at 
Nambucca Heads (30°39’S 153°01'E) V. A. Harris 1982. 
Discussion 
Three of the new species described here are of particular 
interest because they belong to genera already known from 
Japan and Korea. They are clearly defined by apomorphic 
character states that exclude them from other genera 
including Porcellidium (see Harris, 2014). 
The genus Kushia , characterized by an anterior comb on 
segment 3 of male antennule, has three species in Japan. It 
is represented in NSW, Australia by Kushia spathoides sp. 
nov. A second genus, Kensakia , characterized by a unique 
brush-pad on segment 4 of the male antennule, has two 
species in Japan and Korea, and one each from Sri Lanka 
and Malaysia. It is represented in Queensland by Kensakia 
australis sp. nov. A new genus, Synurus has been erected 
to accommodate the third species, Synurus ctenocheirus 
sp. nov., which shows two features that are considered 
autapomorphic (i.e., fusion of male P5 baseoendopod with 
metasome segment 4 and genital somite, and atrophy or 
loss of five terminal setae from the male P5 limb). This 
species was collected from the Great Barrier Reef at Cairns, 
Queensland, but it has also been found on Okinawa Island, 
Japan (specimens in Yuka Sasaki’s personal collection 
examined by author. Sasaki confirms that measurements of 
her animals fall within the range given in text above). The 
only other species known to occur in both Japanese and 
Australian waters is Clavigofera pacifica Harris & Iwasaki, 
1996 and reported here from NSW for the first time. 
The male antennule in porcellidiid taxonomy. In the 
study of Australian and Japanese species it was found that 
the female antennule is remarkably uniform in its structure 
and setation throughout the family and is of little taxonomic 
importance. On the other hand, the highly modified antennule 
of adult male animals shows an extremely wide range of 
structure that provides more useful taxonomic characters 
than any other part of the body. Of 60 species for which the 
detailed structure of the male antennule is known, segment 
shape, type and number of setae, shape and position of 
chitinous tooth-like structures (coupling denticles), was 
found to be specific for each species. Consequently, the 
identity of any male animal can be determined with certainty 
if the male antennule of the species has been described. 
In contrast, not all female animals can be identified with 
certainty from female characters alone. A detailed description 
of the male animal becomes an absolute requirement for a 
valid description of any porcellidiid. 
In the Porcellidiidae the antennule of both male and 
female animals is reduced to six morphological segments, but 
the partial fusion of segments 3 and 4 and (in most species) 
segments 5 and 6 of male animals gives the impression that 
there are only four or five segments (Fig. 29E). Segment 
3 cannot be seen from dorsal view, but in ventral view it 
appears as a separate structure bearing the 5 and 5' setae 
on an anterior process plus a group of five to seven n setae, 
and (in some species) a single coupling denticle. Hicks 
& Webber (1983) describe this segmant as a “lappet” of 
segment 2, but its setation shows it to be segment 3. In the 
majority of species segments 5 and 6 are fused (referred to 
as the dactylus), but in others species segment 6 is distinct 
(Fig. 33G). 
The male antennule is subchirocer with the neocopepodan 
articulation between segments 4 and 5, Huys & Boxshall 
(1991). It is prehensile with segment 4 greatly enlarged 
