68 
MAGAZINE OP SCIENCE AND ART. 
»us, was 289,000, and the annual increase may be taken 
to be 8 per cent. This population is spread over an area 
of about 230,000 square miles. There is a large quan¬ 
tity of good land m various parts of the colony well 
adapted for the production of cereal and other crops; 
but the distance is too great to allow the settler to look 
to the English and European market for the disposal of 
his surplus produce, fie has the markets of India and 
China at no great distance, but these countries will not 
take his wheat in exchange for the rice and tea which 
he purchases from them. lie must, then, so far as tho 
sale of cereal produce is concerned, depend upon the 
home market, and this though the population is increas¬ 
ing rapidly, affords but a limited demand—he may, it 
is true, if'tho cost of conveying his produce to the coast 
be much lessened, compete with the farmer in the ad¬ 
joining colonies in the market of Melbourne, but the 
demand there is not large, nor is it permanent, as the 
Government of Victoria is already taking steps to con¬ 
struct railroads, and facilitate the means of communi¬ 
cation throughout a country, much of which is admi¬ 
rably fitted for the production of cereals. 
In estimating, therefore, the increase winch is likely 
to take place in the exciting traffic upon any given line 
of road, we must not merely be able to say that it opens 
np a tract of country admirably adapted for farming 
operations, but we must be prepared to shew that there 
will be sufficient inducements to settlers to purchase and 
occupy such lands productively, in numbers suffiwait 
to create a traffic for the railway, in some parts of the 
country, as for instance, in the neighbourhood of New¬ 
castle, there will be an increasing trade in Coal, which 
will be brought by the railroad to Newcastle, as the 
port of shipment—in other parts of the country there 
may he, and indeed there are, loeal sources of trathc 
which only require cheap means of conveyance to admit 
of a large devalopement i but the principal receipts of 
the railroads in New South Wales, must, tor many 
years to come, he derived from the movement of pasto¬ 
ral and agricultural produce from the interior, to the 
port of shipment, or place of consumption, and _ot sup¬ 
plies of dift'erent kinds, and of imported articles ol 
comfort or luxury from the capital to the settler. 
The pastoral products do not admit of any TO&vl de¬ 
velopment,''though their extension is certain, and may¬ 
be eventually very great—and I have already shewn 
that as the agricultural products can only command a 
limited market, their increase cannot be dependent upon 
to an extent sufficient to create a traffic for any great 
length of railway. I am, therefore, of opinion that the 
analogy between'Canada and New South Wales is not 
close enough to justify the inference that railways wall 
succeed here because they have done so there. 
The conclusion which I consider mvselt justified in 
drawing from the facts and calculations exhibited in 
this paper are as follows s . . 
1st The cost of transport by a turnpike road is in 
excess of that by a railroad, whether such road be worked 
by horse power or steam. . , , , 
2nd. The cost of steam power is much less than that 
of horse power upon railroads, hut this cheapness is, 
with a limited amount of traffic, more than compensated 
for by the increased cost of construction and mainten¬ 
ance,'if such roads be compared with these on which 
horse power may be used. 
3rd 1 That tho circumstances of the colony are not 
such as to lead us to expect so large a development of 
internal traffic as would compensate, by the saving on 
the cost of motive power caused by the employment of 
steam, for the increased charge for interest of capital, 
and maintenance of road. . . , 
4th. That the railway on which horse power is used 
would under the present, and probable future 
stances of the Colony for several years to rome, be the 
cheapest means of conveyance both for passengers and 
goods, and that it wonld be, therefore, advisable to adopt 
it on all the main lines of communication. 
Vf. DENISON. 
RAILROADS. 
Rr.sri.rs of experiments at Newcastle. . 
Cost of li miles near Newcastle, including land, lay¬ 
ing originally with wood, and relaying with iron rails, 
3311.5. to the' yard, £9,500, or £6,332 per mile. Tho 
next mile cost £1,800. 
The contract price for the carriage, of the coal irom 
the pits to Newcastle, and delivery on board ship is at 
the rate of Is. 3d. per ton, or, on an average, about 5& 
per ton per mile. The lengths of the branches are 
3-2£ and 2* miles, but the same price is paid for all. 
For this tho contractor find3 horses, harness, drivers, 
grease, and men and boys attending the staiths, but lie 
docs not keep the waggons or the permanent way in re¬ 
pair. The contractor delivers about 510 tons daily or 
which 260 tons come miles, and 256 come o miles 
equal to 1,413 tons, drawn one mile. e e 
To do this work the contractor has 40 horses, tour ot 
which are kept at Newcastle, to haul the coal up to tho 
staiths. ,, 
He employs seven drivers ; five men at the staiths, 
to assist in shipping the coal, and four boys. 
In order to find the actual charge for locomotive 
vomer, the four horses kept to work tho staith, and the 
five men and four boys employed for the same purpose, 
should be deducted from the establishment, the estimate 
for which will then stand as follows: 
36 Homes, at, say £1 per week .3G 0 
7 Drivers, at £3.-.” 
Grease for Waggons. * 
Boy for greasing .-. * 0 
d. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
£62 10 0 
for this sum 3096 tons can he drawn from the pits to 
Newcastle, or 8,508 tons ran he drawn one mile, the 
actual cost bring 1J, or a little more, per ton per mile, 
to this, however, must he added— 
1st. Interest upon the capital of the contractors, 
which mav be calculated as follows : 
36 Horses at £46...£1.440 0 0 
Harness for ditto at £o. lbl) U u 
£1,620 0 0 
and this at 10 per cent, will amount to £162 per 
aD 2n™ Sinking Fund for replacing stock, at 30 per 
cent, per annum, £486. . . ww,„ r 
3rd. Supervision or payment for contractor’s labour, 
sav £500 per annum. , 
4th. Interest of cost of rolling stock-tlim stock for 
the conveyance of 120 tons of coal at each tnf, would 
amount to 70 carriages, and if each carn ^y? 1 
£50, this will give £3,500 tnterest upon this at 6 per 
Ce 5th. ^Repairs and sinking fond, say 15 per cent, upon 
a ^If 6 all these items were added together, the amount 
will be as follows : £ 
Locomotive power, 6210 x 59.3250 
Interest . “ 
Sinking Fund . 
Supervision ... "1 
Interest of Rolling Stock. r.‘_ 
Repairs and replacement. ••• 
£5133 
or sav £100 per week, for which “ tas *?® n ^there¬ 
fore 850S tons can be drawn one mile. The cost, there 
fore of conveyim* "oods upon a railway by horse power 
mav he put A 2'E or rather more than 2| per ton per 
mile, this includes taking the carriages back. 
The experience gained bv the working , 
castle coal mines is sufficient to show the relative id 
