190 
MAGAZINE OF SCIENCE AND ART. 
Bearing this fact in mind, the great object which I 
have held in view, in devising a machine for raising 
water for irrigation, has been to plan and arrange it so, 
that a man of even the most limited mechanical 
acquirements, may himself, with the resources to be 
found on a colonial farm, construct and erect an engine, 
and afterwards, as a matter of consequence, keep it in 
repair. A few tolerably straight pieces of timber in the 
rough, a few hides, a few fathoms of rope, and a few 
days’ work of a handy bushman are all that is necessary 
for making an engine by which a horse is capable of 
raising 100,000 gallons of water 20 feet high, in a day 
of eight working hours. As I had great doubts of being 
able to convey a correct idea of the contrivance by 
either description or drawing, 1 have constructed a 
small working model, which shows at a glance more 
than could he otherwise explained in an hour. This 
model represents a two-horse machine, and in making 
calculations of prospective performance I have adopted 
the received supposition that a horse is capable of 
drawing a weight of 200 lbs, at the rate of 2J miles an 
hour continuously over a pulley. Two horses would 
raise sufficient water, 20 feet high, in eight hours, to 
spread one inch deep over some 35 acres, but, to provide 
for contingencies and make the allowance which too 
often comes between theory and practice, I shall reduce 
this estimate, and suppose they would only lift enough 
to water 20 acres a day. One watering a week would 
be sufficient to keep the ground moist, and therefore a 
pair of horses would lie fully equal to the' task of 
irrigating 100 acres successively. The supply of water 
is the only absolute limit to the number of horses, or 
bullocks, that might he attached to one of these 
machines; if that he only sufficient, and other circum¬ 
stances favourable, I imagine that four would be found 
an economical number to employ at once, as a hoy could 
drive them with case, and his wages would be the 
principal item to be taken into account, in a country 
where cattle are so abundant. 
It may bo well to state that this contrivance Is not 
put forth as an invention , but merely as an improve¬ 
ment upon a plan extensively used for tbe same pur¬ 
pose in India, and known in^tbe southern part of that 
country as a “ Pacauley.” A Pacaaley is made by 
erecting shears over a well,water-hole, or on the bank 
of a river; a large semi-spherical leather bucket, with 
a hose of the same material fixed in the bottom, is then 
suspended from them by a hide rope, over a pulley, to 
the water; to the other eml of the rope is attached a 
yoke of oxen, and, when the bucket has been filled, the 
driver seats himself on the neck-pole, and with loud 
shouts urges tho cattle forward, till the water comes 
above the level of the channel made for its ‘reception, 
and flows off through the hose—exactly as seen in .my 
model. When the water is discharged, the driver 
dismounts, hauls the bullocks backwards till the 
bucket descends and is again filled, when he once more 
mounts and repeats the operation. It is surprising what 
a largo quantity of water a man with a pair of bullocks, 
in this simple way, can raise in a day : _ but the loss of 
time, through Having to back the cattle in reverting the 
motion, is so great, as—oven in that land of cheap 
labour—to counterbalance many of the other real 
advantages of tho machine. 
What'I have done towards perfecting the Pacauley, 
and suiting it to the requirements of Australia is:— 
1st. To apply the motive power so that it moves con¬ 
tinuously in the same direction, and thus get done with 
the loss, already mentioned, of reversing the motion, as 
well as all manual labour, with the mere exception of 
driving the cattle. 
2nd. To arrange a second bucket so that while the 
first nsconds, it descends; and it will be apparent, from 
the model, that by putting jmsts with leading blocks at 
different an tries round the crank, any required number 
of buckets might be placed, so as to be in various stages 
of ascent and descent, and that the draft might be thus 
equalized with great nicety, and the cattle saved from 
the lost labour of having to pull by fits and starts. 
W. STEWART. 
Balmain, January 4th, 1858. 
1. Revolving post, or capstain. , 
2. Crank ; to the pin of which is attached the ends of the ropes by which the buckets are suspended. 
3. Rope of bucket that is at the bottom of the well. 
4. Ditto ditto, that is seen. 
5 5. Cords from ends of horses to trough, led through pulleys there, and then over others fastened to cross timber 
over the well, and the ends made fast to the main ropes at A A. 
THE IIORSE-LOCOMOTIVE AND 
POWER-ENGINE. 
The late Lord Congleton (formerly Sir Henry Parnell) 
in his Treatise on Hoads, very truly observes—“As a 
carriage for conveying goods or passengers, wlien put in 
action, becomes a muring body, in the language of 
science, tho question to be examined and decided is, 
how a carriage, when once propelled, can be kept 
moving, onwards, with the least possible quantity of 
labour to horses, or force of traction.” 
Now this question, simple as it may appear, lias 
never yet been satisfactorily decided, for although great’ 
improvements havo undoubtedly been made in the form 
mid details of wheel carriages, yet the quantity of labor 
to horses, or force of traction, on ordinary roads, re¬ 
mains very nearly the same at present as in tlio days of 
the Romans. 
The introduction of railways has, however, had the 
effect of greatly increasing the useful effect of tractive 
force, by diminishing to a great extent the effect of 
