MAGAZINE OF SCIENCE AND ART. 
199 
under oar own control ; we may promote their spread 
or may prevent it. IVa may secure ourselves from 
them. We have done so j we kavo banished the most 
formidable. Those that remain are not so difficult to 
be conquered as those that have been vanquished. The 
causes of typhus are more completely under our control 
than those of intermittents. We may put an end to 
typhus ; we have actually done so ; we have encom¬ 
passed the model dwellings by a barrier which neither 
typhus nor even cholera, nor'any of the other causes of 
excessive sickness and promatuve mortality have been 
able to pass. To the residents within that barrier the 
chances of life have been more than doubled ; and com- 
ared with some other children of their own class, they 
a vo been increased four-told.” 
This is strong language, but not more so, I verily 
believe, than is consistent with perfect truth. 
“But,” soma will sav, “howis all this to be done; 
where is the money it will cost to come from t” Had 
I time to quote some calculations that have been made 
in England as to the cost arising from disease and pre¬ 
mature mortality, of doctors and doctor’s stntf, of 
orphanage, widowhood, and pauperism, of loss of labor, 
and innumerable other expenses and evils entailed on 
society by the neglect of these precautions, the question 
would be quickly answered; but X am reminded by 
the number of the page I have just commenced, that I 
have reached, if I have not already exceeded, my al¬ 
lotted time.. This and other cognate subjects, I mar, 
if opportunity is afforded mo, take up on some future 
occasion. If I have trespassed in this particular, the 
importance of the subject will, I trust, plead my 
excuse. 
With the improvements I have sketched, I see no 
reason why Sydney should not be, at least, as healthv 
as any city in the world. Without them it will become 
a plague-spot in the southern hemisphere. I have 
dwelt chietly on the physical evils resulting from a 
neglect of the subject. The moral consequences I have 
barely hinted at, but on this point I cannot do better 
than quote the Bishop of Bath and Wells. In. the 
thanksgiving sermon for peace, preached by him before 
the House of Lords, he says —“ But in order to advance 
the moral condition of the poor, their social condition 
must be improved, and although much had been done 
with that object, still more remained to be done. Then- 
wretched dwellings must bo improved, their comforts 
promoted, and no longer must whole families he allowed 
to crowd in single rooms, to the outrage of decencv, the 
destruction of morality, and the extension of disease.” 
I have, I am fully aware, performed the task I un¬ 
dertook but very imperfectly ; I shall, however, I hope, 
have credit given me for good intentions. If yon com¬ 
plain of my tediousness, I can only say with Dogberrv, 
that on such a theme, “an ’twere a thousand”times 
more than ’tis, I conld find in my heart to bestow it all 
of your worships.” 
SORGHUM SACCHARATUM. 
CHEAP AND SIMPLE PROCESS FOR MAKING SUGAR 
AND SYRUP ON A SMALL SCALE, 
The first thing is'to permit the sorgho to fully 
ripen, as in that condition it makes the best syrup, 
and will be free from the grassy flavour complained 
of in previous experiments. This is known by the 
seeds becoming black and hard. When fully ripe, 
then, with a corn cutter, a large carving knife, or, 
what is better, a small hatchet, cut the cancs off 
close to the roots, strip off their leaves as far as the 
joints extend, and chop off the rest of the stalk, 
saving the seed for future planting if tbe cane 
proves to be of good quality'; if not, give them to 
the chickens. 
The next thing is to extract the juice from the 
stalks or canes. This must be done by pressing 
| them between rollers. If there is a cider mill on 
the premises, it will be ali-sufiicient ; pass them 
through it just as you would crush apples, catching 
the juice in some clean vessel with as few chips or 
dirt in it as possible. 
A VERY CHEAP MILL. 
If there he no cider mill in the neighbourhood, 
you must make a shift to construct one yourself, or 
get the nearest carpenter to do so; nothing but 
wood being required for all you have to do.” The 
way to go about it is as follows : Choose some 
straight pieces of maple, or any hard wood, twelve 
or fourteen inches across, and saw' one piece off of 
30 inches long, and the other 48 inches. These 
arc to make your too rollers, and as nearly round, 
as you can get the log, so much less trouble will 
there be to fashion the work. Having got your 
wood, take the bloats to the nearest carpenter, and 
tell him to make you two journals on the ends of 
the shortest piece, too and a half inches less in 
diameter than the block will be when made per¬ 
fectly round. If-he has a turning lathe, he will be 
able to do it all in a couple of hours. Let him 
make the axles or journals seven inches long each. 
You have now one roller finished; the other is like 
it, only after making a journal on one end, he 
measures along the same length as the other roller, 
which will he sixteen inches, and then cuts into the 
block, another journal like the others, leaving be¬ 
yond it eighteen inches of sound wood to spare, of 
the same girth or diameter as the roller part. 
Through this eighteen inches that you have left 
over, cut a square hole or socket, large enough to 
put a good stiff wooden lever in or through it, so 
that when your rollers are set up on end in a frame, 
like a windlass, you can walk round with the lever, 
and so turn the mill. 
If there is n blacksmith in the neighbourhood, 
it would he well to get him to put an iron hoop 
above and below the lever-hole or socket, to pre¬ 
vent the strain, which will he considerable, from 
splitting the top. You have now' the rollers com¬ 
plete; the next step is to make the frame that 
holds them together. Take two pieces of timber, 
nine feet long and nine inches square, if you have 
them; if not, round barked timber will do; dig 
two holes in the grpund six feet deep and four 
feet apart, wherever you wish your mill to stand. 
Put the posts into them, and fill the earth in 
again, heating it down so as to hold these uprights 
as still and immovable as possible. These are tho 
supports of your mill, and have to hear all tile 
strain, so you must see that they are strong and 
firm.. Now get a slab of wood six feet long, six¬ 
teen inches broad, and eight inches thick, set your 
too rollers on it, standing upright, and close to¬ 
gether ; mark the two holes for the lower journals, 
and cut them out. six inches deep, You must now 
cut a couple of notches at the ends of the slabs, 
fit these notches between the two posts, and pin 
them tight. Now you have the bed plate of your 
mill. Set the rollers upright, on it, with the 
journals in the holes you have cut for them, and 
proceed to fit the. upper frjune ; plate in the same 
except that it must be made in two halves 
owing to the socket part where the lever goes pre¬ 
venting your slipping it over both journals, ts was 
done in the other case, i’or the upper frame- 
plate, taking two pieces, six feet tong, nine inches 
broad, and seven inches thick, fit them nicely to¬ 
gether round the journals, and fix as before.' T 
