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Where Do Anadromous Fishes Winter? 
An Answer and Theory from a Man Whose Authority is not to be 
Lightly Questioned 
Editor Forest and Stream: 
The question has been put to me as to whether 
these much disputed fish, the sea trout, do not 
in part winter at sea while another part admit¬ 
tedly remain in the rivers, as salmon are known 
to do. 
Now, it occurs to me that a general statement 
which will cover the known movements of sev¬ 
eral species of migratory and anadromous fishes 
will help most decidedly to settle this mooted 
point. To begin with, we know for instance, 
that in the distribution of marine fish fauna a 
great many species are found south of Cape 
Hatteras which are seldom seen north of it. The 
same may be said of the ichthyc representation 
between Cape Hatteras and Cape Cod, and be¬ 
tween Cape Cod and the Bay of Fundy, while 
in the higher latitudes the number of species is 
restricted to comparatively few types, of which 
the Salmonidae are the most abundantly repre¬ 
sented. Now, these various species, wherever 
found, as soon as their seasonal migrations be¬ 
gin, are first seen in the lower latitudes. The 
shad, for example, first appears in Florida 
waters, sometimes as early as Jan. i; then in 
the Savannah River, then in the Cape Fear, then 
in the tributaries of the Chesapeake, then in the 
Delaware, Hudson, Housatonic, Connecticut, 
Merrimac, and so on up to St. John, N. B. 
Striped bass show up in like manner, moving 
northward, and meeting a run of yearlings which 
have spent the winters in the rivers; in the Hud¬ 
son River as early as February. 
Bluefish begin to appear in the waters between 
Cape Hatteras and Long Island Sound in mid¬ 
summer, and in July, when shrimp are running, 
they meet the yearlings, locally known as snap¬ 
ping mackerel, coming out of the Quinnipiac at 
New Haven. Weakfish begin to appear in North 
Carolina waters in December (they have been 
caught all through the fall months in the warmer 
waters further south), and by June they are at 
New Haven, after having successively passed the 
Virginia Capes and New Jersey coast. Like¬ 
wise we have the seasonal movements of the 
menhaden, Spanish mackerel, tilefish, tunas, etc. 
They all come in from the sea first at points be¬ 
low Hatteras, and afterward at points north of 
it successively up to the Maine coast. 
The question would be, where have these fish 
wintered? All fish breeders know by experience 
how essential warmth is to fecundity, and the 
fish know it by instinct. With the Gulf Stream 
convenient, is it not reasonable to suppose that 
all these migratory and anadromous fishes re¬ 
sort to it for its agreeable temperature and abun¬ 
dant food? It is not only a logical hypothesis, 
but it has been sufficiently proven by the presence 
upon its deep blue surface of multitudes of 
fishes of various species which have been seen 
foraging among the beds of seaweed which ac¬ 
cumulate in the lateral eddy that sets back along 
the edge of the current. These marine algae 
carry a great variety of minute Crustacea and 
other forms, and spars covered with barnacles 
are often seen among the drift. On one occa¬ 
sion, on a voyage from Halifax to Bermuda, a 
lot of sea bass were noticed which had been 
tempted from the depths below. 
Coming now to salmon, whose habitat is hy¬ 
perborean, we find that they first appear in the 
rivers of Maine and Nova Scotia while the flu¬ 
vial ice is yet running; then gradually working 
up the north shore of New Brunswick to the Bay 
Chaleur and onward, finally appear in the rivers 
of the lower St. Lawrence in June. Following 
these are the sea trout, known commercially as 
such from earliest date, and close imitators of 
the salmon movements, commencing with the 
“strawberry run” (or when strawberries blos¬ 
som) on the southeastern coast of Nova Scotia 
and moving northward as the season advances 
until they reach the Belle Isle Strait, detach¬ 
ments dropping off as the main body advances, 
into the numerous rivers along the coast, and 
like the salmon, shad, bluefish, rockfish and other 
species, encountering a considerable quota of 
their kind, most of them lean, spent, and ill- 
favored, which have wintered under the ice in 
the rivers after spawning. Do not these fresh- 
run sea trout likewise come in from the sea? 
or, to be more precise, from the nurturing Gulf 
Stream where their congeners have quartered? 
Is there any negative? 
Mem .: It is a wise provision of nature that 
fish food should not be all in one place at the 
same time. Boreal residents require subsistence 
as well as those under the tropics. The great 
ichthy armies are divided and apportioned so as 
to provide all the inhabitants of the globe with a 
modicum of provender, and this explains the 
“whyness of the what” more nearly probably 
than an abstruse scientific paraphrase. 
Charles Hallock. 
