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23 
Dark Red. 
This is the beginning of the study of the shades of the different 
[colors. The variations of a color that are 
produced by adding white or black to the 
pure color are its different tones, and the dif- 
ferent tones that are produced by diminished 
illumination, or by the addition of black to 
the pure color, are the shades of that color. 
There is no limit where a darkened color 
ceases to be a shade of that color until the 
effect of the color is entirely lost and black is reached. 
In teaching this color, it will be found desirable to review normal 
red and its tints, so that the pupil may begin the study of the shades 
of red with a clear understanding of the intensity of the normal 
standard from which the various tints and shades are judged. 
Dark red is a tone of red that is darker than the normal color. 
To fold and cut the Hollow Square. 
To fold and cut this pattern, bring the opposite sides of the paper 
together, color face in, then the opposite ends together. Again bring 
the opposite sides together and the opposite ends together; now open 
the last two folds, and with the scissors cut out the small square 
formed in the middle of the paper — one cut each way, done carefully, 
gives the required pattern. Open the paper, and with touches of 
glue or paste at the corners stick it in place. Pupils must be cau- 
tioned not to use too much glue, as by so doing they are likely to 
disfigure the work. 
To draw the Hollow Square. 
First outline the square lightly; find the middle of each side and 
draw light lines bisecting the square both ways. Bisect each half, 
dividing each side into four equal spaces. Connect the opposite 
points with guide lines drawn lightly; this gives lines corresponding 
to those in the folded pattern. Strengthen the lines forming the 
outline of the figure. 
Dark Orange. 
An orange color that inclines towards red is called a deep orange, 
or red orange, and when it is simply darkened, 
either by the absence of light or by the addi- 
tion of black, it is a shade of orange. 
It is a color often met with in flowers and 
autumn foliage. In its darker shades it forms 
a pleasing combination with the hues of sub- 
dued yellow, especially when a stripe or small 
figures of black forms part of the design, and 
it is often used in this way in tile work. Two shades of dark orange are 
often combined as ground color and pattern in wall papers. If the 
pupils have. a color outfit, let them select the normal orange and place it 
upon their desks. If they are not supplied with the normal colors 
and their various tints and shades, then the teacher should have a 
large chart of these colors lettered alphabetically or numbered con- 
secutively, so that the pupils may select the colors from the chart 
without aiding one another. 
After they have in this way refreshed their minds so as to be sure 
what the allied standards are, they can advantageously give their 
attention to the various tints, shades and hues of the color they are 
studying. 
An Incised Square. 
To cut this pattern bring the opposite sides and the opposite ends 
together as in the last exercise, then fold again each way to produce 
the guide crease. Open it once each way so as to leave it only 
four folds in thickness. Cut out the small square that has raw edges 
on two sides. 
To draw the Incised Square. 
Proceed as in the last exercise until all the guide lines are drawn, 
then strengthen the inner side of each corner square. Finish the 
sides of the figure in the following order: left side first, top line 
next, then the right side, and lastly the lower line. 
A standard color is one which has a fixed value. It is the basis 
from which we determine tints, shades and hues. 
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