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The colors of objects are expressed in terms that by common 
usage have become of fixed value. 
A normal color is a prismatic, primative and pure 
color. It is the basis from which tints, shades and 
hues are determined. There are six of these normal colors, viz : Red, 
Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, and Violet. 
Different names The normal colors are referred t0 by different 
for normal writers as Standard colors, Spectral colors, Positive 
color, colors, Pure colors, Full colors, and Saturated colors. 
The name Normal is, however, preferred, because it expresses the 
normal or natural condition of the color when unaffected by light, 
shade or other colors. 
A standard color, may be any color that is accepted as the 
typical color of a series, as a standard gray, which is produced by 
mixing a black with a white pigment ; a standard straw color, which 
is judged from a straw color accepted as a standard. There may be 
any number of standards, just as different countries have different 
standards of weights and measures. 
Tone is the intensity of a color, and consequently 
depends upon its luminosity. The term tone covers 
the entire scale of color, from its lightest to its darkest condition. 
The normal color is the key color of the scale of tones. 
In the following scale of tones of blue, both the light and lighter 
blue and the dark and darker blue, are tones of the normal blue. 
In a perfect scale of tones, the gradations from one intensity to 
the next would be so slight as to be almost imperceptible, and would 
end in white in one direction and in black in the other. 
LIGHTER BLUE. (Tiqt 2.) 
LIGHT BLUE. (Tiqt I.) 
BLUE. 
DARK BLUE. (Sh.ade I.) 
DARKER BLUE. (Shade 2.) 
Tones of Blue. 
In pigmentary colors, the various tones are produced by adding 
white or black to the basal color. Scientifically, the various tones 
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