21(> WlSaOM81N STATE AORIGULTURAL SOCIETY, 
perhaps 6s. (=$1.50);, barleyy Gd. (=35c.) to 4s. Gd. (=11.12^); 
fowls, ;l-^d. a-piece (=9c.) to 5s. (=$1.25); geese S^d. (=21c.) to 
9s. (=$2.25); butter, -|d. (=3c.) to Is. Gd. (=37^c.); wool, 3d<. 
(=18c.) to 12d. (=25c). So that while money wages are not quite 
three times as high, corn is a little over three times as high, butter 
and poultry have risen enormously, while wool was then relatively 
dear, probably because of the great foreign demand. As to meat, 
it is hard to make the comparison, because it is not quoted by the 
pound. Professor Rogers estimates it (p. 684), at ^d. a pound (less 
than two cents); cows averaged about 8s. (=$10.00), and sheep 
about Is. (=75c.), no doubt very small, as were perhaps the fowls 
and geese. Of other articles, 1000 herrings cost 2s. lOd. (=$2.12^); 
'—I find them now quoted at £3 (=$15.); eggs, 4d. for 10 dozen, 
(=5 for a cent); wine,4d. a gallon (=:25c.); pepper. Is. 6d. a pound 
(=$1.12|-); a shirt cost 5fd. (=35c.); an axe, 8d. (=50c.); a hoe’ 
2^d. (=15c.); and a plow, one shilling (=:75c.) 
Cloth, as might be expected from the price of wool, is dear; but 
then we must remember that most peasants kept their own sheep, 
and made their own cloth. Coarse woolen cloth is quoted at Is. 2d. 
( = 87^0.) a yard (apparently a yard and a half wide); a pair of 
boy’s shoes at 4d. (=25c). 
From all these facts I think it is clear that the English laborer 
of the fourteenth century—especially when we take into account 
the various small perquisites that were attached to his semi-servile 
condition — had a much greater command of the necessaries of life 
than his modern representative. Clothing was dearer, but bread 
was cheaper, and meat and all other necessary commodities were 
very much cheaper in proportion to his wages. And what is true 
of the daylaborer is true in a still higher degree of the small farmer, 
for to him, a producer of wheat and wool, the high prices of these 
articles was a positive gain. 
UTILIZATKdN OF WASTES OF THE FARM. 
BY N. E. ALLEN, POX LAKE. 
Wastes may be considered in a great variety of ways. There is 
the waste of economy of force; waste by decay and the exposure 
