State board of health. 
281 
prove beneficial and save much expense on some future occasion, 
if what is called a dummy junction be here and there laid in the 
march of the drain. The orifices of these junctions should, how¬ 
ever, be stopped up with the disc-plugs sold for the purpose. A 
large pipe should never be delivered into a smaller pipe, or even 
into one of the same diameter. There should be a difference of 
three inches between the larger pipe's, and of two inches between 
the smaller ones; for instance, twelve-inch pipes can deliver into 
fifteen-inch pipes; nine-inch into twelve-inch; six-inch into nine- 
inch; four-inch into six-inch, and two-inch into four-inch pipes. 
Where a diminution in the drain-pipe is found requisite, the 
proper tapering pipes should be used; any other contrivance is at 
the best unworkmanlike. 
A certain number of access-pipes will be often found useful if 
laid in a length of drain, say one to every ten of the socket-sealed 
pipes. Some pattern or other of these pipes, with a movable cover, 
might wisely be inserted close to all angles, bends and junctions, 
and a well-hole built round them to facilitate inspection. 
The pipes should be so laid in or about a house that the human 
ordure may enter nearest the sewer, or, what is the same thing, 
nearest the point of delivery of the house drain, or the disconnec¬ 
tion arrangements. The wastes from the sinks should enter the 
house-drain between the closet delivery and the house; and the 
rain water, if not stored, should enter nearest to the house. By 
this means, a persistent movement of the sewage is better obtained* 
A flap-trap should be affixed to the end of the house-drain at its 
connection with the sewer or manure tank, so that if the sewer be 
surcharged at any time, it cannot flow up the tributary pipes. This 
contrivance will also tend to prevent a return of foul gases. An 
egg-shaped drain-pipe, laid from the disconnecting trap to the main 
sewer, secures the maximum speed of flow and the minimum chance 
of any solid deposit. 
DISCONNECTION, VENTILATION, ETC. 
Having all the drain-pipes carefully laid with the proper declina¬ 
tion from the outer walls of the building to the street, the next 
thing in order for consideration is, how best to arrange the discharge 
from the various departments of the house. The common method 
is to run the street pipes directly into the house, joining the waste 
