PRACTICAL PAPERS—FARM MANAGEMENT. 217 
reproduces itself the next season or furnishes the proper condi¬ 
tion of soil for winter wheat. 
A farm prepared for mixed husbandry, on the plan of keep¬ 
ing all the animals it will support, can be carried on with less 
expense, than a grain farm with but sufficient cattle for the 
wants of the farmer. The labor on a farm of this kind is more 
invigorating to the mind and less wearing to the body ; the land 
can be made to retain its original fertility, and there will be 
a large annual saving of money expended in machinery. 
When the systematic farmer is fully prepared to commence 
bis cattle division of the ten year plan, he will have abundant au¬ 
thority upon the rearing of horned cattle, but on comparing the 
authors of different countries he will find little or no variation 
from old writers, which would seem to indicate that this was 
not one of the progressive sciences, or that a satisfactory^routine 
had been established. 
There has, as yet, been but little written on the question in 
the west, and what discussion there has been has applied to 
blooded .stock. There are many new conditions attending 
stock-raising with us—such as climate, water and food. From 
the time when stock had no market value, and was raised upon 
the range pasture, to the present, there has been new changes 
yearly arising—such as the introduction of new breeds, confin¬ 
ing them to smaller enclosures, feeding grain, marketing by 
cars instead of driving, butter making, cheese making, and re¬ 
cently another, in the introduction of Texas cattle. During 
all this time some have stoutlv maintained that cattle could 
1/ 
not be raised with any profit, while others have insisted that 
farming could not be carried on successfully without them. 
Both were right. From earliest history man has intuitively 
tended flocks upon the plains, and whole families have lived 
with their herds, upon mountains and in valleys. Our first 
civilization, recognized the necessity of cattle in mixed hus¬ 
bandry, although at times falling in profit below any other de¬ 
partment ; and could steam perform all the labor on a farm 
and beef-steak and butter spring spontaneous out of the soil- 
still they would have a place and mission. Their history has 
