PRACTICAL PAPERS—LABOR AND CAPITAL. 
273 
ulated, and paid by all. It gives no more than it receives. Its 
interests are all identified with the growth of diversified soci¬ 
ety, organized, protected, enlightened, refined. In well ordered 
society each branch of honest industry is tributary to every 
other, and all are mutually dependent. For, to quote the words 
of holy writ: “.the body is not one member but many, and the 
eye cannot say to the hand, I have no need of thee, nor again 
the head to the feet, I have no need of you. Nay much more 
those members of the body which seem to be more feeble are 
necessary and those members of the body which we think to 
be less honorable, upon these we bestow more abundant hon¬ 
or; and our uncomely parts have more abundant comeliness.” 
There is necessity fixed in the nature of things that the greater 
part of men must be occupied with agricultural labor, or other 
forms of manual labor. Let the intrinsic worthiness and dig¬ 
nity of all such labor be recognized and honored ; but, at the 
same time, let it be understood that with this labor is closely 
interwoven all the busy brain-work of the minority who, 
though they seem to stand aloof, are efficient partners in both 
the toil and its results. The correction of the false and sub¬ 
stitution of true views respecting labor itself, is the first step 
in every wise and sincere movement for labor reform. 
2. Next we have to study capital. It will serve for a gen¬ 
eral definition to say, capital is that part of wealth which is ac¬ 
tually employed in production. Wealth is a broader term. Cap¬ 
ital is a part of wealth. It is not synonymous with money , 
for money itself does not go into production. More specifi¬ 
cally, capital is the sum total of the products of former labor em¬ 
ployed to provide shelter , protection , tools and materials for the pro¬ 
cesses of production and to feed and otherwise to maintain the la¬ 
borers during the process. This three fold classification of capi¬ 
tal should be particularly noticed. There are the instruments 
of production—as land, buildings, tools and machinery—the 
materials on which labor is expended—such as wheat, iron, 
leather, etc., and also houses, food and clothing for the safety and 
support of the laborers while engaged in productive opera¬ 
tions. The items last named are usually provided for by the 
18— Ao. Tr. 
