PRACTICAL PAPERS-ORCHARDS. 
299 
our land will in many instances enable us to secure a variety 
of exposures. The experience and observation of the writer 
have convinced him that the north, northeastern and eastern 
slopes are the best for the apple orchard ; the next best a west, 
northwestern ; The third best a perfect level, and poorest of 
all a southern or southwestern one. In the timber the orchard 
is best located where the land has been cleared and opened to 
the east or north. When the site is protected by timber or 
natural shelter, it should be on the south, or still better, on the 
southwest side. As our timber and groves are fast disappear- 
i ng the only safe way is to locate, whether in timber, prairie or 
openings as has been mentioned above, choosing the slope that 
under the circumstances is the best suited to our trees. 
Shelter —If there is no natural wind-break or protection 
one should be supplied. A double row of evergreens or a 
triple row of forest trees,—those best adapted to the local¬ 
ity—may be used to good advantage. These will usualy prove 
sufficient. It is also a good plan to put an occasional row of 
evergreens—or to scatter them promiscuously—through the or¬ 
chard. ' / 
Varieties Adapted to Our Climate. —As Wisconsin is 
situated between the 42d and 47th parallels of latitude varie¬ 
ties for the northern portions of the state must be limited to the 
very hardiest sorts of Siberian Crabs and their crosses, Russian 
apples and a few sorts that resemble them in hardiness; but 
as that part of the state is not yet well settled and much of it 
will remain undeveloped for many years to come I will only 
recommend the varieties that have proved desirable as far as 
tested in the southern part of the state. Of these I can speak 
from personal experience, having been for over thirty years an 
experimenter and close observer in all things pertaining to 
fruit and horticultural interests in this state. 
The climate with us is extremely changeable, and once in 
about seven years we are visited by a Siberiarf* winter, when 
the mercury ranges for days, and sometimes for weeks to¬ 
gether, from twenty to thirty degrees below zero. In some 
