300 
WISCONSIN STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
parts of the state these sudden and extreme changes occur 
much more frequently than in others. Apple trees that have 
become thoroughly acclimated where the new wood has fully 
matured, will pass through these changes with little or no in¬ 
jury ; but when brought from a warmer locality, or when the 
variety is tender, or if hardy, and the new wood has not ri¬ 
pened thoroughly, they yvili be more or less affected, and often 
killed by them. Varieties originated and matured in a cold 
climate will be naturally more hardy and will withstand the 
extremes of heat and cold better than those raised farther 
south. If the tree is out of its latitude, and not perfectly 
hardy, its wood will be affected by severe freezing and sudden 
changes in proportion to the hardiness or softness of its wood 
growth. This will be readily seen by the color of the wood on 
cutting off a limb ; when fully acclimated all the wood will be 
white; but when tender or half hardy the growth of the sea¬ 
son when it was injured will be discolored. In this way we 
can easily ascertain what varieties have been injured, and in 
what years it was done. 
In the following lists the varieties are classified in accordance 
with this rule. They are arranged in three classes: the Iron 
Clads , or those not affected by the severe winters ol 1856-7 
and 1864-5; the Hardy where the wood growth of those years 
is colored, but covered with healthy, new wood and fully re¬ 
covered from injury; and the Half-Hardy , those affected and 
not fully recovered, as is indicated by their still bleeding from 
the old wood where a limb is cut off, even though paint or wax 
is applied. : 
Iron Clads. —Tetofskv, ripening in July; Red Astrachan, 
July'September; Duchess of Oldenburg, August and Sep¬ 
tember ; Alexander, September-December; Transcendent, Al¬ 
len and other crabs, September and October; Fameuse, Octo- 
ber-December; Smith’s Cider, November-January; Pewaukee 
and Golden Russet, December and January. 
Hardy .—Early Joe and Fourth of July, season July; Sour- 
Bough, Early Strawberry, Sops of Wine and Fall Cranberry, 
