98 
THE NATIONAL NURSERYMAN. 
and C, R. June, the resistant qualities of each variety 
being in the order named. 
RESULTS OF FIRST YEAR’S WORK. 
The treatments the first season on the plats receiving 
seven sprayings were made May 5 and 19, June i and 16, 
July 3 and 21, and ‘August 10. The plats receiving six 
treatments were sprayed May 19, June i and 16, July 3 
and 21, and August 10 ; while the plats receiving five treat¬ 
ments were sprayed the same as those receiving seven, 
excepting the two last sprayings, which were omitted, bud¬ 
ding having commenced on July 21. Up to the time of 
budding, leaf blight caused little damage, this being unusual, 
especially in the case of pear seedlings. 
To obtain the desired information as to the effects of the 
treatments on the stocks with respect to budding, three 
grades were established, and as each bud was inserted the 
stock was referred to its respective grade. The grades were, 
(i) stocks which worked with ease, i. e., those in which the 
bark slipped easily ; (2) stocks which worked with difficulty ; 
(3) stocks which refused to work. There were no striking 
differences between the treated and untreated trees as far as 
their condition for budding was concerned. 
The results of the first year’s work were that with the 
pear stocks graded on August 24th, as first quality, all 
leaves perfect; second quality, spotted here and there, but 
none lost; third quality, all leaves showing spots and tree 
partly defoliated ; fourth quality, trees entirely defoliated ; 
42 per cent, of the untreated Japan pear seedlings and 78 
per cent, of the untreated French pear seedlings were classed 
as fourth quality, while the Japan pear seedlings, treated five 
times with Bordeaux mixture, gave only 14 per cent, fourth 
quality, while those treated seven times showed but 6 per 
cent, totally defoliated. Bordeaux mixture gave better 
results than ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate. 
RESULTS OF SECOND YEAR’s WORK. 
In the second year’s work the plats which received 
seven sprayings in 1891 were treated on May 24, June 4 
and 16, July 7 and 23, and August 10 and 30, respectively ; 
those which received six sprayings in 1891 were treated on 
June 4 and 14, July 7 and 23, and August 10 and 30, 
respectively; while those treated five times received the 
applications on May 24, June 4 and 16, and July 7 and 23, 
respectively. In the case of the pears, from 10 to 20 per 
cent, of the buds inserted in trees receiving no treatment 
died, while in case of the treated trees the number which 
died in no instance exceeded 12 per cent. Next to the pears, 
the plums and cherries showed the effects of the treatments 
most decisively. There was very little difference between 
the treated and untreated apples' so far as the number of 
buds, which grew and the growth of the buds were con¬ 
cerned. Bordeaux mixture in all cases gave the best 
results, the effects of this preparation on the growth of the 
pears being very marked. On July 23 measurements 
showed that the treated pear treqs were from 10 to 15 per 
cent, larger than the untreated. 
RESULTS OF THIRD YEAR’s WORK. 
In the third year the most interesting results were 
obtained. The trees were sprayed as before. On October 
20 comparisons were made and photographs were taken. 
The height of the untreated trees, Tyson on Japan stocks, 
varied from 2 to 3 feet, and the caliper from one-fourth to 
three-eighths of an inch. The Tyson on Japan stocks, 
treated, averaged 5 to 6 feet in height and calipered almost 
uniformly three-quarters of an inch. It would take at least 
two years more to grow the untreated trees to tha size of 
the treated. As a whole the Tyson on French stocks made 
a better growth than those on Japan stocks, the size of the 
trees, especially those treated, averaging greater, besides 
being more even. 
The best growth of any of the stock was made by the 
Kieffers. 
The Tyson trees on French stocks sprayed with ammo¬ 
niacal solution of copper carbonate were better than the 
untreated, but not nearly so good as those sprayed with 
Bordeaux mixture. 
There was very little difference between the Keiffer on 
Japan and the Keiffer on French stocks. The former made 
a slightly stronger growth, but not enough to be markedly 
appreciable. 
COST AND PROFIT. 
In an experiment such as is here described it would be 
difficult to fairly estimate the cost of treating each year the 
various kinds of trees under consideration. There are so 
many delays from one cause or another that figures based 
upon the actual time expended in the work would be mis¬ 
leading. In estimating the cost, therefore, we have decided 
to go outside of the actual experiment for data. In the 
nursery proper,where the experiments were carried on, from 
500,000 to 800,000 trees, including pear, apple, cherry, and 
plum, are sprayed each year. In this work three kinds of 
spraying machines have been used, namely, (i) knapsack 
pumps ; (2) machines drawn by horse power, but operated 
by hand; (3) automatic machines, drawn and operated by 
horse-power. With the last, three men can spray about 
100,000 seedlings a day. Using such a machine and taking 
the facts brought out by the experiment proper as a basis, 
together with the average price paid for labor and chemicals, 
it is believed a fair estimate of the cost of treating pear, plum, 
and cherry stock the first year, or before and after the 
buds are inserted, will be about 25 cents for 1,000 trees. 
The next year, or when the buds are making their first sea¬ 
son’s growth, the cost of the work will probably not exceed 
25 cents, while the following season, or the second year from 
the bud, the cost will be increased 10 to 15 cents, or about 
40 cents per i ,000. On this basis the entire cost of treating 
trees until they are 2 years old from the bud will range from 
85 cents to ;^i per 1,000, or about i mill per tree. 
