PEACTICAL PAPERS—SUGAR-BEET AND BEET SUGAR. 225 
hundred manufacturer’s licenses, and by decreeing that all in¬ 
digenous sugar should be exempt from taxation for four years. 
The political crisis of 1814 was a terrible blow to this new 
industry, and caused the failure of all the manufacturers but 
one. In December of 1814, however, under an impost of about 
three and one-third cents per pound, while that of foreign su- 
gar was five cents per pound, the industry revived. New and 
more effective methods of manufacture were introduced, and 
sixty or seventy per cent, of juice was realized, instead of fifty 
or sixty per cent., the amount obtained by the older processes. 
The yield of sugar at this time was from three to four oer cent., 
the yield of molasses five per cent., and the cost of manufac¬ 
ture about seven cents per pound. From this time till 1830 
the progress made was as rapid as it was great. In 1822 the 
yield of sugar was about five per cent., and the cost of manu¬ 
facture five and a half cents per pound. The amount produced 
at this time in one hundred different establishments was about 
five thousand tons. 
The introduction of steam power had a marked effect upon 
this industry. In 1836 the number of manufactories was one 
hundred and thirty-six. Since 1840, though there has been a 
constant struggle between the cane-growers of the French 
colonies and the beet-growers of France, the amount of beet 
sugar produced in France has doubled every ten years. 
In 1865-66 the production of beet sugar had reached two 
hundred and seventy-four millions of kilograms, an amount 
more than sufficient to supply home consumption without re¬ 
course to the French colonies. 
In 1830 the average annual consumption of sugar in France 
per each person was about two pounds, of which, the beet-su¬ 
gar manufacture produced about nine per cent. 
In 1865 the average consumption was fourteen pounds per 
each person, the beet-sugar manufacture supplj^ing sufficient 
for that amount. 
The rapid growth and development of this industry through¬ 
out Europe forms one of the most interesting spectacles of the 
present century, and the economic, social, and industrial ques- 
Ag. Tr. —15. 
