PKACTICAL PAPERS—SUGAR-BEET AND BEET SUGAR. 231 
sugcar usually extracted is from 5.60 to 6 per cent. An es¬ 
tablishment therefore producing 1,500,000 kilograms of sugar 
would work up from 25,000 to 30,000 tons of beets, which, 
basing the production at forty kilograms per hectare, would 
require from 650 to 750 hectares under (iultivation. The ave¬ 
rage amount of land under cultivation for each factory is from 
250 to 300 hectares, which is as much as can be economically 
worked, owing to the difficulty of transporting the beets to the 
factory. • 
The aggregate amount of steam power employed in this in¬ 
dustry is 88,000 horses, estimating a 200 horse power engine to 
each factory. 
The amount of land under beet cultivation in France at the 
present time is estimated to be 110,000 hectares. In 1857, ten 
years ago, it was only 52,000 hectares. 
The price of raw sugar at the present time in France is from 
sixty-one to seventy francs per one hundred kilograms. To 
this must be added the duty, which, on beet-root sugar, is 
forty-two francs per hundred kilograms, and on French colonial 
sugar thirty-seven and a half francs. After being refined this 
sugar sells for one hundred and twenty five to one hundred 
francs per one hundred kilograms, which includes the duty. 
The production of beet-root sugar in France is over two hun¬ 
dred million kilograms; about the same amount is imported. 
The consumption is two hundred and fifty million kilograms, 
and the difference is exported in the form of refined sugar to 
England, Switzerland, America, Algiers, and other countries. 
It will be seen that France nearly supplies her own con¬ 
sumption of sugar, although (as has been before shown) that 
consumption has increased steadily every year. 
Germany .—The development of this industry in Germany 
has been as remarkable as in France, and its progress has been 
marked with the same success. 
While under the direction of the founder, Achard, who was 
assisted by government patronage, it was represented by two 
or three establishments, and subsisted until 1814. From that 
