PRACTICAL PAPERS—SUGAR-BEET AND BEET SUGAR. 233 
man manufacturer can extract more than eight per cent, of 
sugar from the beet this increase is not taxed. With this sys¬ 
tem it is easily seen that it is to the interest of the manufactur¬ 
er to have only those beets produced which contain the great¬ 
est amount of sugar. It is the custom also to cut off Irom the 
root before it passes into the rasp all those parts, such as the 
neck, which contain the smallest amount of sugar, and in which 
the salts and nitrogenous matters are more abundant. Such a 
system as this does not tend to encourage the agriculture of the 
country. The manufacturers in many cases insist that certain 
manures shall not be used on the land at all, and the land is 
never manured previous to raising a crop of beets. The pro¬ 
duction per hectare is consequently very much less than it is 
in France, the average being only from 20,000 to 25,000 kilo¬ 
grams. Beets raised in this manner contain, it is true, much 
more sugar, but produce a smaller amount of waste pulp, 
which is used in other countries to so great an extent for fodder 
and manure. In the Zollverein the beet is cultivated for its 
sugar alone, the object being to produce the greatest amount of 
sugar by raising beets of the maximum sweetness. In France, 
on the other hand, the beet industry is thoroughly agricultu¬ 
ral, and has for its object, not only the production of sugar,'but 
also the improvement and fertilization of the soil; and upon 
the successful cultivation of this plant the agriculture of many 
districts depends. 
The states of the Zollverein have quadrupled their produc¬ 
tion during the last fifteen years—180,000 tons of sugar having 
been produced in 1865-66 against 52,586 tons in 1850. 
The quantity of imported sugar has fallen during the same 
time from 52,568 tons to 12,562, showing that the foreign arti¬ 
cle has been nearly driven from the market. 
In 1865-66 there were thirty new establishments built and 
many old ones enlarged. The average yield of sugar is eight 
per cent. ; of molasses, 2.40 per cent. This includes the re¬ 
turns from poorly managed factories, and those worked under 
the old processes. The sugar production of the Zollverein is 
at the present time 190,000,000 kilograms. Much of the sugar 
