PEACTICAL PAPERS—SUGAR-BEET AND BEET SUGAR. 235 . 
“The growth of the manufacture of sugar is as wonderful as the history of 
the legislation on this subject in Europe is interesting. The embargo of Na¬ 
poleon which forced on France the production of sugar, proved to Austria 
how beneficial the industry would be to this empire ; but the first factories 
were not built until 1830. 
“In 1830 there were two factories; in 1851, 100; in 1861, 125; in 1862, 
130; in 1864, 136;‘ in 1866, 140. 
“ There is a tax levied upon the beets before they are manufactured into 
sugar, and by this means the exact quantity consumed is known. 
Quantity of heets converted into sugar during the years named. 
Cwt. 
1851. 6,411,'Z'lO 
1853. 6,38*7,319 
1855. 7,989,390 
1857 . 11,892,941 
1858 ..*. 16,681,114 
1859 . 21,017,574 
1860 . 18,611,909 
1861 . 17,682,594 
18C2. 17,112,066 
1863. 21,080,121 
1864. 18,288,911 
1865.... 24,197,127 
1866. 21,081,368 
“The decrease of 1862 and 1864 is explained by bad harvests; that of 1860 
and 1866 was occasioned by the wars progressing in those years. 
“In 1866 the 140 sugar manufactories used—machines for cutting beets, 
223 ; cylinders for maceration, 44; juice centrifugals, 82 ; juice presses, 966 ; 
refining kettles, &c., 767 ; evaporation apparatus, 267; pane, 175, spodu- 
mene filters, 1,667. f 
“ During the last sugar campaign there were consumed : 
Coal, cwt. 10,664,614 
Coke, cwt. 64,236 
Peat, cwt. 1,123 
Wood, cords. 6,041 
Spodumene for filtering, cwt. 678,290 
“During the campaign and part of the time during the rest of the year, 
there were employed in the sugar manufactories 25,027 males and 14,478 fe¬ 
males. The daily wages of the laborers vary from twenty kreutzers to one 
florin per day, and there were paid during the year over 3,600,000 florins on 
account of wages. While in 1861 but five per cent, of sugar was obtained 
