AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS. 
403 
per annum for the privilege of the chemical, physical, techno¬ 
logical and botanical laboratories. 
The experimental grounds include about seventy-five acres, 
upon which, during the summer semester much time is 
devoted to the practical field-studies. From June to Septem¬ 
ber the profesors also frequently lead their pupils in botanical, 
mineralogical and agricultural excursions. 
In 1836 was founded the Imperial Agricultural Institute at 
Gorigoritz, embracing primary, intermediate and superior 
departments. Then rapidly followed the creation of numer¬ 
ous establishments for the production of silk, with depart¬ 
ments for instruction in the*art; schools of horticulture ; farm 
schools ; model farms ; special schools for the culture of flax, 
etc.; all distributed with a liberality almost profuse over the 
vast territory of the empire according 'to the nature of the 
soil and climate and the habits and needs of the people. 
Then in quick succession were established the great agricul¬ 
tural museum at St. Petersburg, with numerous lesser ones of 
various grades in diverse portions of the empire; a large num¬ 
ber of secondary schools of agriculture located at Moscow, 
Kasan, at Gorky, Saratov, at Kharkov, and other points ; also 
many schools of horticulture, chief among which are those at 
Orel, at Ouman, at Kieff, and at Yoronezh ; schools of vine 
culture at Magalatch, in central Kussia, and at Kischine'l, in 
Bessarabia ; schools of agriculture and horticulture in Cau¬ 
casia ; and last of all and chief among all, the great Academy 
of Agriculture and Forestry, founded by the minister of 
domains, at Petrovskoi, near Moscow, in 1865. 
The secondary schools of agriculture above referred to are 
among the most flourishing of their kind in Europe. Each 
school is provided with chemical laboratories, physical and 
agricultural cabinets, and with a model farm well stocked with 
implements and domestic animals. The course of instruction 
occupies five years and includes religion and Christian morals, 
arithmetic, natural sciences, the Kussian language, geography, 
history and design, together with practical exercises in the 
laboratories and on the farm. They are attended by an aver- 
