74 
THE NATIONAL NURSERYMAN. 
by being on hand with explanations. Such work is ed¬ 
ucational in the highest sense, and the man competent 
to lead the public aright in his own line of activity must 
and of right ought to reap from that public for such ser¬ 
vices, both gratitude and dollars. 
This is all based upon the idea that the nurseryman 
means permanently to devote himself to his business on 
the lines of integrity and justice, taking some pride and 
pleasure in the educational and elevating side of his bus¬ 
iness, as well as in gathering in dollars. If he means 
to carry on a short and merry game of skinning both 
friend and foe, and of burning the ground over as he 
goes, a different conclusion might be warranted. 
HORTICULTURAL GEOGRAPHY. 
In his paper on this subject which was further defined 
as observations on “Ultimate Results of the World’s 
Fair Exhibits of Fruits and Flowers,” Professor L H. 
Bailey presented a list of the apples on exhibition from 
New York, Illinois, Wisconsin, Washington and New 
South Wales. He continued : 
The first thing which strikes one in glancing at these 
lists are the great differences in lengths, or in the num¬ 
bers of varieties. Of course, the lengths of the lists are 
not accurate measures of the relative numbers of varieties 
in the different states, because the collections from the 
different regions were made with various degrees of 
thoroughness ; yet it is true that the eastern states, be¬ 
cause of their age and the great diversity in soils and 
climates and methods of colonization, possess a great 
number of local varieties. New York undoubtedly leads 
the states in the actual variety of apples cultivated 
within its borders, and Pennsylvania is probably entitled 
to second place. Yet no part of our country has de¬ 
veloped endemic or peculiar varieties so quickly as Wis¬ 
consin and Minnesota, the first fruit lists of those states 
already containing many varieties of apples and other 
fruits which are unknown outside that general region. 
All this indicates that fruits, like other plants, quickly 
adapt themselves to new conditions through variation 
into adaptive varieties—a conclusion to which a closer 
study of the above lists brings strong additional evidence. 
In the above lists there are 99 New York varieties, 13 
in Illinois, 55 in Wisconsin, 19 in Washington and 13 in 
New South Wales. Taking the New York list as the 
basis we find that 60 per cent, of the Illinois varieties 
occur in it, less than 20 per cent, of the Wisconsin, 
about 50 per cent, of the Washington, and about 20 per 
cent, of the New South Wales varieties. These figures 
show that Wisconsin and New South Wales have an 
apple flora very different from that of New York, and 
moreover, these floras are peculiar,—that is, different 
also from the apple floras of other geographical regions. 
The Wisconsin-Minnesota apples are more unlike the 
New York apples in type than the Australian ones are. 
and they have been developed very largely from an in¬ 
dependent stock. If we were to examine the Quebec 
apples critically we should find them to be nearer the 
New York apples in type than the Wisconsin apples are, 
but we should notice a decided influence of European 
types. From 50 to 60 per cent, of the varieties of 
Illinois and Washington in the above lists are in the New 
York list, yet the apples of Illinois and Washington are 
much unlike. 
And here we come upon a subject to which nursery¬ 
men should give particular attention. While Illinois 
grows many New York varieties, the leading kinds of 
the Illinois-Missouri region are different from the leading 
kinds in the East. The realm of the Baldwin, Rhode 
Island and Greening, King and Hubbardston is practically 
bounded by Lake Michigan on the west, and we pass 
southwestward into the land of Ben Davis, Willow Twig, 
Winesap and Janet, and northwestward into the domain 
of Duchess, Wealthy and Wolf River. But in the far 
north-west—Idaho, Oregon, Washington—the leading 
types are drawn from both the East and the Illinois- 
Missouri region, with the greater part representing ad¬ 
mirable but somewhat local apples in New York state, 
Newtown Pippin, Blue Pearmain, White Winter Pear- 
main, yEsopus Spitzenberg, Swaar, to which must be 
added, from the prairie region, Rome Beauty, Ben 
Davis, Winesap and Janet. But the similarity of this 
remote apple flora to eastern floras ends with the names 
of the varieties, for the apples themselves are very unlike 
ours. They have been modified by climate until they 
are larger, longer and more conical, frequently marked 
by prominent ridges at the apex, less Arm in flesh and 
often somewhat inferior in quality. To all interests and 
purposes, many of these are distinct varieties from their 
parents in the East, and they afford as distinct and un¬ 
equivocal cases of evolutionary modifications as the most 
hypercritical can wish to see. The Newtown Pippin ' 
probably affords the best instance of rapid modification 
of any American fruit. It has always been a local and 
captious apple in New York state, where it originated ; 
yet in the Piedmont region of Virginia it is the leading 
apple, known as the Albemarle Pippin ; in the far north- 
M^est it is again the leading apple over a great territory, 
and in New South Wales under the name of Five 
Crowned Pippin, it is still again a dominant variety. 
Yet in each of these four geographical regions, the variety 
attains a specific character which it does not possess in the 
others. The Albemarle Pippin differs from the true 
Newtown in a less heavy and somewhat poorer flesh and 
in poorer keeping qualities ; and you can all compare the 
enormous, deep yellow, softer, angular-topped specimens 
of the Pacific north-west and New South Wales with 
those of New York. Reviewing these calculations, we 
find three prominent facts: the whole body of the Wis¬ 
consin-Minnesota apple flora is different from that of 
