182 Wisconsin state agricultural society. 
by which a service is performed, is certain from the nature of the 
case, to be virtually single, in which a practical monopoly, with 
all the powers of taxing the community, cannot be prevented from 
existing.” 
X.—REPUBLICAN-DEMOCRACY IN OUR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, 
Has presented at least one peculiar phase in what Lieber terms 
Republican-Federalism, a form of political organization which has 
attracted much attention from political thinkers in other coun¬ 
tries, and which has been imitated by many as the best practical 
compromise between local and general co-operative governments. 
The republics of South America, our elder sister Switzerland, 
and to a certain extent, other less democratic countries have imi¬ 
tated us in the adoption of this principle which Lieber asserts to 
be “ the chief American contribution to the treasures of political 
civilization.” 
There has been a good deal of disagreement in our 'country, 
however, as to the nature of this Republican-Federalism. Pome¬ 
roy, in his constitutional law, classes three theories as having been 
held by different American statesmen. 1. The complete national 
theory of Hamilton, Jay, Marshall, Story and Webster, which re¬ 
gards “ the United States as a nation and its constitution as the or 
ganic fundamental law of that nation.” 2. The complete state sover¬ 
eignty doctrine of Jefferson and Calhoun, which u does not regard 
the constitution as an organic and fundamental law for a single 
body politic, but as a compact; as an instrument in the nature of a 
league, treaty or articles of association between the separate, in¬ 
dependent and sovereign statesand 3. The partial national 
theory of Madison and Jackson, which “ regards the states as 
originally independent sovereign commonwealths, but as having 
surrendered to the United States a portion of their sovereignty to 
be held, not at the will and pleasure of the single states, but abso¬ 
lutely and irrevocably.” 
The first of these theories has been the one generally accepted, 
and this preference has been strengthened by the necessity felt 
during the rebellion for a strong government; as well as by the 
conviction that the opposing doctrine of state sovereignty gave 
strength to the rebellion. In long continued peace, however, and 
