PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION. 
3 
Lydia around Cape Good Hope, with the sun to the left ” or at 
the north, ete. Their own narrow land gave them little suste¬ 
nance. Egypt and Judea were their granaries, and by diffusing 
their own products in exchange for exotics, through the means of 
internal improvements and extensive ocean commerce, they be¬ 
came so great and powerful, that even Alexander, the conqueror 
of the world, lay for seven months outside the gates of Tyre with 
the whole Macedonian army, before he could reduce the Phoeni¬ 
cian capital. The application of these “ logic of events ” to the 
present tense and purpose, shows without illustrated exception, 
that all prosperous, happy and multitudinous people have ever,, 
and must continue to obey the laws of both production and dif¬ 
fusion under such facilities as will leave a marginal inducement 
to industrial pursuits. 
Under the advanced stage of civilization reached by the Greeks 
and Romans, the arts and sciences were taught as a means of ad¬ 
vancing individual interests and the public weal. It required no 
great inventive genius to discover the physical fact that domestic 
beasts of burden possessed more strength than man. The first 
discovery of the kind led to the employment of these serviceable 
animals as pack bearers, on whose backs the moveable products 
of those times were transferred from lodge to lodge, and from tribe 
to tribe, in commercial interchange. Then followed the dis¬ 
covery that these animals could draw more than they could 
carry. This led to the invention of vehicles, mounted on 
wheels, and these in turn, suggested highways, over which these 
carriages might pass in safety. These highways required labor, 
and often the best engineering skill of the times. The Lacaede- 
onian highways were brought to a state of great perfection under 
the enlightened sway of Lycurgus and others. The Roman em¬ 
pire *was threaded with improved roads, even to the confines of 
Egypt, and through the Illyrian provinces, and though military 
thirst for glory and dominion may have been the primary motive, 
as providing passage ways for Roman legions and their triumphal 
chariots, yet these highways were trodden by commercial cara¬ 
vans, that interchanged their products with other peoples. 
Under the decrees of Gracchus, Tiberius Caesar and other Ro¬ 
man magnates, Roman helots were set at work to improve the 
