PRACTICAL PAPERS—BUTTER FACTORIES. 
20 
being cleansed with soap and water, are placed over a jet of 
steam and thoroughly scalded. They then receive a jet of 
cold water and go upon the rack to sun and dry. This ar¬ 
rangement is a very great improvement in cleansing dairy 
utensils, doing the work thoroughly and expeditiously. 
The factories do not all operate alike in regard to the time 
of setting the milk. Where an extra fancy product of butter 
and skimmed cheese is desired, none of the milk is set longer 
than twenty-four hours, and at these factories it is not desired^ 
to take all the cream from the milk, but only the best part;.: 
and the balance is employed to give quality to the “skim-- 
cheese. 7 ’ At some establishments the cream is allowed to turn 
slightly sour before churning; but when it is churned sweet 
the buttermilk goes into the vats with the skimmed milk and 
is made into cheese. Some factories adopt the plan of holding 
the morning's milk in the pools for thirty-six hours and the 
night’s milk for twenty-four hours ; but as the skimmed cheese 
by this management is less meaty than by the other method, 
it is a question whether any more profit is realized from it. 
THE CHURNS AND CHURNING. 
The churning at the large establishments is done by horse¬ 
power. There are a variety of powers, but that most 
commonly used is simply a large circular platform or wooden 
wheel, built about an upright shaft, the lower end of which 
turns in a socket. The wheel sets upon an incline, so that the 
horse, by walking constantly on one side, keeps it in motion. 
At the upper end of the shaft, gearing is arranged so as to give 
motion to the churns. Quite recently a small engine in con¬ 
nection with the heating arrangement for the cheese depart¬ 
ment has been used to supply power for driving the churns. 
The latest invention for supplying power for churning con¬ 
sists in a system of gearing, driven by a heavy weight attached 
to a stout rope which is wound about the cylinder of the ma¬ 
chine. Sixteen feet of rope will run the power half an hour, 
carrying the churn-dashers at the rate of fifty strokes to the 
minute, which is the rate of stroke best adapted for producing 
14—Ag. Tk. 
