PRACTICAL PAPERS—BUTTER FACTORIES. 
275 
The rancho where this dairy is kept, embraces about 6,000 
acres. Three hundred and fifty cows are kept in milk all the 
time—that is, whenever any of this number dry up or fail in 
milk, others from the reserve are coming in milk to supply the 
vacancy, and thus the dairy is kept good all the year. 
The average quantity of milk delivered at San Francisco 
from this dairy is seven hundred gallons per day. It is put 
up in cans holding three gallons, and sold to the milk-dealers 
at seventy cents per can. The transport of the milk from the 
rancho to the city, costs about four and a-half cents per can, 
which leaves sixty-five and a-half cents for the milk, or nearly 
five and a-half cents net per quart to the proprietors. The 
milk is retailed in the city at ten cents per quart. The aver¬ 
age temperature upon the rancho is about 60 deg, and the milk 
is cooled off as soon as drawn by setting the cans in water 
tanks. In order to have the cans reach the city in time to be 
distributed bv the milk-carriers, the cows are milked at 12 M. 
and 1 o’clock at night. 
Management and Feed of Cows .—At this establishment there 
are extensive buildings for storing fodder and housing the cows. 
The cows run out to pasture every day through the year, but 
extra feed is commenced to be given about the first of July. 
The extra feeding is carried along as the cows require, gener¬ 
ally up to the middle, of February. 
The pasturage from the first of November to the first of Janu¬ 
ary is rather flashy, and is not alone of sufficient nutrition to 
keep the cows in milk. Young stock may, perhaps pick their 
living from it; still, it is not considered good economy to al¬ 
low animals, whether young or old, to depend wholly on pas¬ 
turage during this season. The pasturage begins to be good 
about the first of January, and continues to be abundant up to 
the first of July. 
The extra feed adopted for this dairy consists per day for 
each cow as follows : ten pounds California hay, four pounds 
oil meal, four pounds Chili bean meal, and four pounds bran. 
The hay is cut and mixed with the several ingredients, when 
