332 WISCONSIN STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
Winter Varieties. —Colverts, Fameuse or Snow, Golden 
Russet, (of New York), Green Sweet, Jonathan, Newtown 
Spitzenburg, Pomme Grise, Roxbury Russet, Talman’s Sweet¬ 
ing, Winter Swaar, Yellow Belleflower. 
Taking up. —Having made your choice among home nurse¬ 
rymen , as soon as the ground is in suitable working order, 
proceed to the nursery, with spade in hand; dig, or at least 
oversee the digging of every tree, yourself. The younger the 
trees you select, (though three years old from the graft, for ap¬ 
ples, is considered the best age) the less will be the loss of 
roots compared to the top. In digging, place the spade edge¬ 
wise to the tree, and a proper distance therefrom, lifting out 
each spade of dirt, as you proceed around the tree, thus loos¬ 
ening the extremities of the rootlets, and cutting but few off ; 
then work under it with care until it may be easily lifted out, 
and your tree is well taken up. 
Protect the roots and tops, if possible, from the sun and 
winds, (as it has been proven that two hours sun will kill the 
fibres of most species of trees,) by matting, or carry within 
the packing house till shipment, which should be done immedi¬ 
ately; and no tree should be carried, for a few hours' ride, even, 
without having its roots sacked and well dampened. 
Planting out. —In digging holes for planting the trees, 
unless the ground is thoroughly under-drained, or sub-soiled, 
do not dig them deep, but broad—say four feet by one—since 
water will always accumulate in the basin thus formed, if deep, 
besides giving the roots a tendency downwards to uncongenial 
soil and temperature. It is a mistaken idea, that by planting 
deep, the apple tree will escape the drought of summer, or the 
frost of winter, and so “ must live.’’ It is essential that the 
roots have light and air, and if buried too deep, they cannot 
receive them. If a portion wish food from different soils and 
minerals, they will much more easily penetrate their down¬ 
ward course, than the first will turn theirs upwards. 
The object aimed at, must be to keep the roots as near the 
